The effect of temperature on growth and production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii C10

Castro, Daniela; Vera, Diana; Lagos, Néstor; Garcı́a, Carlos; Vásquez, Mónica

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.06.005

Cited by 82 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Kinetic studies of PSP toxin accumulation in producing cells and the media of cyanobacterial cultures suggest that there is an active transport mechanism for these toxins (9). In addition, variations in the concentration of sodium in culture media are known to affect the accumulation of PSP toxins in producer cells (41).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthetic Intermediate Analysis and Functional Homology Reveal a Saxitoxin Gene Cluster in Cyanobacteria

Kellmann

Mihali

Jeon

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

326

444

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Saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues cause the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) syndrome, which afflicts human health and impacts coastal shellfish economies worldwide. PSP toxins are unique alkaloids, being produced by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here we describe a candidate PSP toxin biosynthesis gene cluster (sxt) from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3. The saxitoxin biosynthetic pathway is encoded by more than 35 kb, and comparative sequence analysis assigns 30 catalytic functions to 26 proteins. STX biosynthesis is initiated with arginine, S-adenosylmethionine, and acetate by a new type of polyketide synthase, which can putatively perform a methylation of acetate, and a Claisen condensation reaction between propionate and arginine. Further steps involve enzymes catalyzing three heterocyclizations and various tailoring reactions that result in the numerous isoforms of saxitoxin. In the absence of a gene transfer system in these microorganisms, we have revised the description of the known STX biosynthetic pathway, with in silico functional inferences based on sxt open reading frames combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the biosynthetic intermediates. Our results indicate the evolutionary origin for the production of PSP toxins in an ancestral cyanobacterium with genetic contributions from diverse phylogenetic lineages of bacteria and provide a quantum addition to the catalytic collective available for future combinatorial biosyntheses. The distribution of these genes also supports the idea of the involvement of this gene cluster in STX production in various cyanobacteria.Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins are among the world's most potent and pervasive toxins and are considered a serious toxicological health risk that may affect humans, animals, and ecosystems worldwide (18,36). These toxins block voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels and prolong the gating of potassium channels (21, 53, 59), preventing the transduction of neuronal signals. It has been estimated that more than 2,000 human cases of PSP occur globally every year at a mortality rate of 15% (16). Moreover, coastal blooms of productive microorganisms result in millions of dollars of economic damage due to PSP toxin contamination of seafood and the continuous requirement for costly biotoxin monitoring programs. Early warning systems to anticipate the occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing algal blooms, such as PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based screening, are as yet unavailable due to the lack of data on the genetic basis of PST production.Saxitoxin (STX) is a tricyclic perhydropurine alkaloid that can be substituted at various positions, leading to more than 30 naturally occurring STX analogues (4,5,28,32,33,63). Although STX biosynthesis seems complex and unique, organisms from two kingdoms, including certain species of marine dinoflagellates and freshwater cyanobacteria, are capable of producing these toxins, apparently by the same biosynthetic route (47). In spit...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthetic Intermediate Analysis and Functional Homology Reveal a Saxitoxin Gene Cluster in Cyanobacteria

Kellmann

Mihali

Jeon

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

326

444

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Both species are of great concern due to their ability to produce toxins harmful to humans and animals. Planktothrix agardhii is known for producing a variety of microcystins (Carmichael, 1994;Chorus, 2001), while C. raciborskii is able to synthesize the neurotoxin saxitoxin (Lagos et al, 1999;Castro et al, 2004) and the alkaloid hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin (Ohtani et al, 1992;Li et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperature has been considered the major limiting factor for growth of C. raciborskii (Pa´disak, 1997;Wiedner et al, 2007), with its optimal growth rate in laboratory experiments being at 25-35 C (Saker & Griffiths, 2000;Briand et al, 2004;Castro et al, 2004;Chonudomkul et al, 2004). Furthermore, its akinete germination is temperature dependent, and germination occurs primarily from 22-23.5 C (Pa´disak, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ecology of the invasive cyanobacteriumCylindrospermopsis raciborskii(Nostocales, Cyanophyta) in two hypereutrophic lakes dominated byPlanktothrix agardhii(Oscillatoriales, Cyanophyta)

Kokociński

Stefaniak

Mankiewicz-Boczek

et al. 2010

European Journal of Phycology

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Biological invasions have attracted particular attention since they often result in serious consequences for natural ecosystems. One planktonic invasive species is Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, a cyanobacterium originally reported to occur exclusively in the tropics. Over the last few decades its range has extended to temperate regions and it occupies shallow highly eutrophic lakes previously dominated by other cyanobacteria. The purpose of this study was to examine the ecology of C. raciborskii during Planktothrix agardhii blooms in two shallow lakes in western Poland and to determine whether these species have different environmental preferences. Multiple linear regression showed that the biomass of P. agardhii was significantly negatively related to Secchi depth in Lake Bnin´skie. In Lake Bytyn´skie, P. agardhii was significantly positively related to concentrations of PO 3À 4 , chlorophyll a and total phosphorus and negatively related to Secchi depth, NO À 3 , and total nitrogen. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was significantly positively related only to concentrations of NH þ 4 . There was a negative correlation between the biomass of P. agardhii and C. raciborskii perhaps showing different responses to environmental variables. Moreover, the biomass of P. agardhii was negatively correlated with Shannon-Wiener diversity of the phytoplankton assemblages. Our results support the concept that these cyanobacterial species have different environmental preferences and their niches differ from each other. These results suggest that light is an important driver of phytoplankton community structure resulting in shifts from a community dominated by P. agardhii in very turbid waters to more diverse communities perhaps including the invasive C. raciborskii in clearer waters.

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“…However, humans are at serious risk of poisoning after consuming PSP-contaminated foodstuffs, with significant morbidity and mortality (Ferrão-Filho and Kozlowsky-Suzuki, 2011). A central characteristic of PSPs is that they are highly resistant to heat, acid, and alkali, and most domestic cooking procedures fail to eliminate toxins from contaminated foodstuffs (Gastro et al, 2004 present, there are no effective methods to treat of PSP toxicity, and therapy is limited to artificial respiration and fluid treatment (Wiese et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidative responses in zebrafish liver exposed to sublethal doses Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins

Zhang

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2015

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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The effect of temperature on growth and production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii C10

Cited by 82 publications

References 25 publications

Biosynthetic Intermediate Analysis and Functional Homology Reveal a Saxitoxin Gene Cluster in Cyanobacteria

Biosynthetic Intermediate Analysis and Functional Homology Reveal a Saxitoxin Gene Cluster in Cyanobacteria

The ecology of the invasive cyanobacteriumCylindrospermopsis raciborskii(Nostocales, Cyanophyta) in two hypereutrophic lakes dominated byPlanktothrix agardhii(Oscillatoriales, Cyanophyta)

Antioxidative responses in zebrafish liver exposed to sublethal doses Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins

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