The Effect of Smoking on Individuals With Minimal Periodontal Destruction

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated that smoking is associated with periodontal destruction. The majority of these studies have focused on periodontal disease groups with moderate or severe periodontal destruction. Additionally, there have been few reports investigating the relationship between smoking and gingival recession. The goal of this report was to investigate the effect of smoking on periodontal destruction and recession in subjects with minimal or no interproximal attachment loss. This is a cross-sectional study of 142 non-smoking subjects and 51 smoking subjects. Subjects could have no more than one tooth with a site of interproximal attachment loss > or =2 mm. Subjects could, however, have attachment loss associated with recession. For three different methods of summarizing attachment loss measurements at a subject level, including average attachment loss, percentage of teeth with one site of 2 mm of attachment loss, and the percentage of teeth with one site of 5 mm of attachment loss, smoking subjects had approximately twice as much attachment loss than their non-smoking counterparts. Smoking subjects also had significantly greater recession (P < 0.05) [0.056+/-0.017 mm] than non-smoking subjects (0.025+/-0.005 mm). Recession sites occurred primarily on the facial surface of maxillary molars and bicuspids and mandibular central incisors and bicuspids. The results suggest a strong association between smoking and both attachment loss and recession in subjects who have minimal or no periodontal disease.

Dentin hypersensitivity: pain mechanisms and aetiology of exposed cervical dentin

“…The research is not conclusive with Gunnsolley et al [67] demonstrating a strong association between smoking and both attachment loss and recession in subjects who have minimal or no periodontal disease. Other data do not support the hypothesis that smokers not susceptible to periodontal disease are at an increased risk for the development of gingival recession [68].…”

Factors Associated with Root Surface Caries in Elderly

“…Frequent tooth-brushing and poor oral health were significant risk factors in epidemiological studies on gingival recession in adults 6,18) . Smoking was also a significant risk factor for periodontal disease 2,9) . In this study, living in an institution, number of present teeth and smoking were significant risk factors for gingival recession.…”

Smoking and Periodontal Disease

“…This indicates that, after treatment, a greater degree of recession occurred among the non-smokers compared with the smokers. In the description of the appearance of smokers' periodontal condition, and in studies looking cross-sectionally at smokers, a commonlv noted feature is the level of recession, which is often noted as worse in smokers than in non-smokers (Martinez-Canutt et a., 1995;Gunsolley et al, 1998 (Cortellini et al, 1996. Trombelli andScabia, 1997;, and other investigators, when using regenerative procedures with allografts, have also found smoking to be detrimental to healing (Luepke et al, 1997;Rosen et al, 1996) Haas et al (I 996) Fibroblasts are an important cell in the periodontal heal-REFERENCE ing response, and Raulin et al (1988) has reported an impaired function of fibroblasts in smokers.…”