The Effect of Smoking and Brushing on the Color Stability and Stainability of Different CAD/CAM Restorative Materials

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate and compare the color stability and stainability of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) restorative materials in their glazed (G) and polished (P) state when exposed to cigarette smoke, as well as after brushing. Three CAD/CAM restorative materials were investigated: lithium disilicate CAD (LD), zirconia (Zr), and Telio PMMA CAD (PMMA), according to their surface finishing and assignment to cigarette smoking exposure or soaking in the saliva (control) group. The color change (∆E) was calculated before and after the intervention performed for all specimens, using the L*a*b values to quantitatively assess the shade differences. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparison analysis (α = 0.05). The surface finishing did not influence the materials’ stainability. Color change was noted after smoking, LD and Zr-G and Zr-P had a comparable color change (p > 0.05), while PMMA presented lower ∆E values (p < 0.05). After brushing, all specimens had a significant color change that was high for LD-G and LD-P, and Zr-G, compared with Zr-P and PMMA (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the exposure to cigarette smoke showed that LD, Zr, and PMMA are all susceptible to staining, but brushing decreases surface staining.

The Toothbrushing Effects on Surface Properties and Color Stability of CAD/CAM and Pressable Ceramic Fixed Restorations—An In Vitro Study

“…However, Schelkopf et al examined the effect of toothbrushing on the color stability of lithium disilicate ceramics. They noticed that a significant color change was detected in comparison with the baseline, which might be due to their testing polished ceramic surfaces without the application of a glaze layer, as performed in this study [54].…”

Evaluation of Color Stability of Composite Resin Used to Characterize Acrylic Teeth—An In Vitro Study

“…Their erratic color stainability and stability are some of the issues connected to the failure of cosmetic restorations. Dental plaque buildup, pigmentation from staining agents, dehydration, water absorption, surface roughness, chemical degradation, and oxidation of unreacted carbon double bonds are a few causes for color changes in resins [16].…”

The Effect of Brushing on Coffee Stainability of Ceramic Crowns Constructed from Repeatedly Processed Lithium Disilicate Ceramic Ingots: An In Vitro Study

“…Since the baseline L, a, and b values of the various materials differ, it is essential to assess color changes in the specimens using the ∆E values rather than the L, a, and b values obtained after aging/staining [19,32]. Furthermore, the formula for the calculation of color changes (∆E) commonly used in previous studies is dependent on values of L, a, and b.…”

“…The main limitation of our study is that the effect of different finishing and polishing protocols on the stainability of ceramic restorations was neglected. The crowns were only polished, as the consensus about the association between stainability and roughness is inadequate [19]. Yuan et al reported statistically insignificant relations between stainability and roughness [22].…”

“…However, previous studies [2,3,13,15,[17][18][19][20][21][22] on the stainability of ceramic restorations have had several limitations. For example, the tested ceramic discs were immersed in the staining solutions so that the specimens were exposed to staining from both sides; this is not similar to clinical situations.…”