“…Excluding someone from a group can have a more detrimental impact on that person than aggression, intimidation, and pestering (Williams & Nida, 2009). It threatens the essential needs and desires of belonging or fitting in the group, self-esteem or self-respect (Wesselmann, Bagg, & Williams, 2009), and is recognized as one of the factors which decrease employees' work engagement, causes distress, and increases turnover intentions (TI) among employees (Ferris, Brown, Berry, & Lian, 2008;Leung, Wu, Chen, & Young, 2011;Turkoglu & Dalgic, 2019).…”