The effect of rod nose shape on the internal flow fields during the ballistic penetration of sand

Collins, Adam; Addiss, John; Walley, S. M.; Promratana, K.; Bobaru, Florin; Proud, W. G.; Williamson, David M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2011.08.002

Cited by 67 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Advanced digital diagnostic techniques for measurements during ballistic penetration of sand have been proposed (see e.g. [28][29] [30]), but such sophisticated approaches were not considered in these tests. After each test, the tube was filled with new masses and a new test could be conducted.…”

Section: Test Rigmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penetration of granular materials by small-arms bullets

Dey¹,

Olovsson

2015

International Journal of Impact Engineering

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This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on the penetration of granular materials by small-arms bullets. In the experimental tests, five different types of granular material (0-2 mm wet sand, 0-2 mm dry sand, 2-8 mm gravel, 8-16 mm crushed stone and 16-22 mm crushed rock) were impacted by four different types of smallarms bullets (7.62 mm Ball with a soft lead core, 7.62 mm AP with a hard steel core, 12.7 mm Ball with a soft steel core and 12.7 mm AP with a tungsten carbide core). The tests were carried out using different rifles to fire the projectiles, while the granular materials were randomly packed in a 320 mm diameter specially-designed steel tube. In all tests, the initial projectile velocity and the depth of penetration in the granular material were measured for each bullet type. In the numerical simulations, a discrete particle-based approach was used to model the behaviour of sand during bullet impact. The method works with discrete particles that transfer forces between each other through contact and elastic collisions, allowing for a simple and robust treatment of the interaction between the sand particles and the bullet which is represented by finite elements. An important observation from the study is that the penetration depth in dry sand is strongly influenced by deviation of the bullet from its original trajectory.Good agreement between the available experimental results and the numerical predictions is also in general obtained.

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Section: Test Rigmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penetration of granular materials by small-arms bullets

Dey¹,

Olovsson

2015

International Journal of Impact Engineering

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“…What is also evident is that the combination of the numerous energy absorption mechanisms; fracture, friction, granule rotation, result in there being no significant break in material behavior across strain rates. The data presented here on ballistic impact has been modeled using peridynamics, a technique that allows for longer zones of influence than the immediate neighbours [16]. This approach is one of a number of ways of addressing these extended non-continuous interactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The stress and ballistic properties of granular materials

Proud

Chapman

Eakins

2017

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Granular materials are widespread in nature and in manufacturing. Their particulate nature gives a compressive strength of a similar order of magnitude as many continuous solids, a vanishingly small tensile strength and variable shear strength, highly dependent on the loading conditions. Previous studies have shown the effect of composition, morphology and particle size, however, compared to metals and polymers, granular materials are not so well understood. This paper will present some recent results for granular materials, placing these within the wider context. Two areas will be dealt with (i) the effect of the skeletal strength of the material and (ii) the displacements associated with ballistic impact. One clear observation is the similarity of behavior of quartz-sands in compression across a range of particle size. However, the precise pathway of compression is strongly dependent on the initial conditions e.g. density and connectivity within the granular bed, as emphasized by some data for quasi-static compression of sand. To fully embrace the range of behaviours seen requires the development of a suitable parameter to describe the material, the paper concludes with a discussion of one of those approaches.

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“…The resisting forces acted on the pressure center of the projectile. If the pressure center was located ahead of the center of mass, any deviation would produce a torque [22][23][24]. Once the projectile developed an angle within the sandy soil, the force was higher on the windward side, which could lead to a curved trajectory.…”

Section: Penetration Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Projectile Penetration into Sandy Soil Confined by a Honeycomb-Like Structure

Luo

Shi

Chen

et al. 2017

Shock and Vibration

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HPS (Honeycomb-like Protective Structure) is a newly proposed protective structure filled with sandy soil. In order to investigate the penetration resistance of the structure, numerical simulations based on SPH method had been carried out by using LS-DYNA, which are corresponding to the experiments. The calibrated model leads to reasonable predictions of the dynamic responses and damage modes of the HPS. More situations were carried out taking factors influencing the penetration into consideration, including point of impact, angle of impact, and projectile caliber. Penetration mode was established by analyzing the energy dissipation and investigating the mechanism from the phenomenological viewpoint. Simulation results show that the resisting forces and the torque that act on the long rod projectile would be greater than those acting on the short one when instability occurred. Besides, approximate 45 ∘ angle of impact was formed in the case of off-axis, which has a certain influence on the ballistic stability, resulting in more kinetic energy of projectile dissipating in HPS and less depth of penetration. The kinetic energy of projectile dissipated in sandy soil largely and the strip slightly, and the former was greater than the sum of the latter.

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The effect of rod nose shape on the internal flow fields during the ballistic penetration of sand

Cited by 67 publications

References 38 publications

Penetration of granular materials by small-arms bullets

Penetration of granular materials by small-arms bullets

The stress and ballistic properties of granular materials

Projectile Penetration into Sandy Soil Confined by a Honeycomb-Like Structure

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