Penetration of granular materials by small-arms bullets

Dey, Sumita; Olovsson, Lars

doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.07.016

Cited by 49 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Research into bullet impacts has included targets of composite materials (integral armour; [7,8]) and aluminium [9]. Experiments have also been conducted using granular material such as gravel and crushed stone [10] but there is a noticeable absence of research into impacts on stone surfaces other than theoretical studies [11]. This field of research is predominantly focused on immediate damage assessment, while the biggest concern for damaged stone surfaces in the context of heritage structures is the long-term damage potential through enhanced weathering processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The benefit of a tough skin: bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage

et al. 2017

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Projectile damage to building stone is a widespread phenomenon. Sites damaged 100 years ago during the First World War still see daily use, while in a more contemporary setting numerous reports show the damage to buildings in Babylon, Mosul and Palmyra. While research has been carried out on the long-term effects of conflict such as fire damage, little is known about the protracted damage sustained through the impact of bullets, shrapnel and other metal projectiles outside of the field of engineering focused on ceramics and metals. To investigate alterations to mineral structure caused by projectile damage, impacts were created in medium-grained, well-compacted, mesoporous sandstone samples using 0.22 calibre lead bullets shot at a distance of 20 m. Half these samples were treated with a surface consolidant (Wacker OH 100), to mimic natural cementation of the rock surface. These samples were then tested for changes to surface hardness and moisture movement during temperature cycles of 15–65°C. Petrographic thin section analysis was carried out to investigate the micro-scale deformation associated with high-speed impact. The results surprisingly show that stress build-up behind pre-existing cementation of the surface, as found in heritage sites that have been exposed to moisture and temperature fluctuations for longer periods of time, can be alleviated with a bullet impact. However, fracture networks and alteration of the mineral matrices still form a weak point within the structure, even at a relatively low impact calibre. This initial study illustrates the need for geomorphologists, geologists, engineers and heritage specialists to work collectively to gain further insights into the long-term impact of higher calibre armed warfare on heritage deterioration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The benefit of a tough skin: bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage

et al. 2017

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“…In the formulation, this affects the mass increase term in Eq. (6) such that the mass increment qA p Dx is set to zero after the plug has been formed. The inertial resistance due to compaction is present also after the plug formation.…”

Section: Derivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5]. Several projectile penetration studies have been performed for other types of granular materials, especially sand [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Projectile Penetration into Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate

Kuutti

2016

J. dynamic behavior mater.

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This work presents a phenomenological model for estimating projectile penetration into granular lightweight expanded clay aggregate often known as Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA). Laboratory scale penetration experiments in the low-velocity regime performed using LECA are presented. A penetration model based on the mass and momentum balances is proposed and the model parameters are derived from the physical behaviour of the penetrated material. It was found that the penetration behaviour predicted by the model agrees reasonably well with the experimental results for three cases studied in detail in terms of projectile deceleration during the penetration and the final penetration depth as well as for the other cases for which only measured penetration depths were available. Although the proposed model results correspond well with the experiments, further validation and more detailed modelling of the dynamic effects of the assumed deformation mechanisms of the penetrated material are needed.

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“…The results from the numerical simulations described the trends from the experiments, which was the perforation of empty and sand-filled aluminum alloy panels subjected to impacts by small-arms bullets. Similarly, a discrete particle-based approach was used to model the behavior of sand during bullet impact [9]. The method works with discrete particles that transfer forces between each other through contact and elastic collisions, allowing for a simple and robust treatment of the interaction between the sand particles and the bullet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projectile Penetration into Sandy Soil Confined by a Honeycomb-Like Structure

Luo

Shi

Chen

et al. 2017

Shock and Vibration

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HPS (Honeycomb-like Protective Structure) is a newly proposed protective structure filled with sandy soil. In order to investigate the penetration resistance of the structure, numerical simulations based on SPH method had been carried out by using LS-DYNA, which are corresponding to the experiments. The calibrated model leads to reasonable predictions of the dynamic responses and damage modes of the HPS. More situations were carried out taking factors influencing the penetration into consideration, including point of impact, angle of impact, and projectile caliber. Penetration mode was established by analyzing the energy dissipation and investigating the mechanism from the phenomenological viewpoint. Simulation results show that the resisting forces and the torque that act on the long rod projectile would be greater than those acting on the short one when instability occurred. Besides, approximate 45 ∘ angle of impact was formed in the case of off-axis, which has a certain influence on the ballistic stability, resulting in more kinetic energy of projectile dissipating in HPS and less depth of penetration. The kinetic energy of projectile dissipated in sandy soil largely and the strip slightly, and the former was greater than the sum of the latter.

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Penetration of granular materials by small-arms bullets

Cited by 49 publications

References 45 publications

The benefit of a tough skin: bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage

The benefit of a tough skin: bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage

Modelling of Projectile Penetration into Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate

Projectile Penetration into Sandy Soil Confined by a Honeycomb-Like Structure

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