“…In spite of the prominent role of education in these interventions, knowledge gain was often not measured (Trappenburg et al 2008, Wilson et al 2008, Moriyama et al 2009, Otsu & Moriyama 2011, Yıldız & Kurcer 2012, Gonzalez 2014, Howden et al 2015, Lee et al 2014, Yu et al 2014, Grilo et al 2015. The effect evaluation of most of the studies that did measure knowledge gain showed that patients' knowledge had increased, irrespective of context and education programme (Balk et al 2008, Rootmensen et al 2008, Huang et al 2009, Choi & Lee 2012, Goossens et al 2014.…”