The effect of music distraction upon reading rate and comprehension.

Freeburne, Cecil M.; Fleischer, Murray S.

doi:10.1037/h0054219

Cited by 45 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This slight change of overall performance is in general agreement with most previous studies of non-contingent music which also found no substantial change in ongoing performance (Smith and Curnow, 1966;Freeburne and Fleischer, 1952;Newman, Hunt, and Rhodes, 1966; and review by Uhrbrock, 1961). The present results also indicated a slightly higher rate of motor responding during the faster rhythm for some subjects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The present results also indicated a slightly higher rate of motor responding during the faster rhythm for some subjects. Some previous comparisons of different types of music have also reported very slight differences in performance levels during one of the musical pieces (i.e., Freeburne and Fleischer, 1952) but conclusions about the speed of the rhythm are not possible in such studies because the musical pieces were different on several other qualitative dimensions. The present difference in response rates can be attributed only to the quantitative difference in the rate of stimulus presentation because the rhythms were otherwise identical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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A SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECT AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUTTERING BY A PORTABLE APPARATUS¹

Azrin

Jones

Flye

1968

J of App Behav Analysis

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The present study attempted to determine how a rhythmic beat affects ongoing behavior. A regular stimulus beat was presented to normal subjects who had been instructed to push a bar from side to side. Other subjects had been instructed to emit a vocal response. The individual vocal and motor responses became synchronized with the individual beats of the rhythm. The time between stimulus beats determined the modal interresponse time. These results indicate a synchronization effect: ongoing behavior tends to become synchronized with an ongoing stimulus rhythm. An attempt was made to apply these findings to the problem of stuttering, which can be considered as a disturbance of the natural rhythm of speech. Stutterers were instructed to synchronize their speech with a simple regular beat presented to them tactually by a portable apparatus. The result was a reduction of 90% or more of the stuttering for each subject during the period of synchronization. This effect endured for extended periods of spontaneous speech as well as for reading aloud and was found to be attributable to the rhythmic nature of the stimulus and not to other factors. EXPERIMENT I: CONTROL OF SIMPLEMOTOR AND VOCAL RESPONSES BY RHYTHM Rhythmic stimuli are believed to exert substantial behavioral influence, as evidenced by the extensive natural use of music. Yet, the basis of this control by music remains unexplained. One known property of music is that when music is contingent upon a response it can be a reinforcer, as shown by Barrett's (1962) punishment of tics by timeout from music and by Ayllon and Azrin's (1965Azrin's ( , 1968aAzrin's ( , 1968b Weidenfeller, 1962Weidenfeller, , 1963Ellis and Brighouse, 1952). Also, the use of music therapy for mental patients seems to be based on the assumption that music affects the general emotional state. Non-contingent music has often been reported as increasing the level of ongoing behaviors, but these reports are often conflicting (see review by Uhrbrock, 1961). Even when a complex musical sound pattern affects ongoing behavior, the question remains as to which aspect of the complex was responsible. The present study attempted a more analytic study of the effect of rhythm by investigating whether a simple regular beat influenced ongoing behavior. The procedure differed from previous studies of rhythm in that the response was a simple and discrete movement of a bar or a simple vocal response, rather than a complex behavioral sequence; similarly, the rhythmic stimulus was a fixed beat rather than a complex musical pattern. The simple nature of the response and the stimulus permitted the evaluation of any point-to-point correspondence in time between them and the eval-283 1968, 1.,283-295 NUMBER 4 (WINTER 1968)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

A SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECT AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUTTERING BY A PORTABLE APPARATUS¹

Azrin

Jones

Flye

1968

J of App Behav Analysis

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“…77 Strukturą, która ulega najgłębszym przemianom jest tożsamość jednostki, czyli jej wewnętrzne Ja. Tożsamość rozwija się u człowieka stopniowo i dzięki niej ma on świadomość bycia ciągle tą samą osobą mimo zmieniających się okoliczności.…”

Section: Automatyzacja I Redystrybucja Zasobówunclassified

“…77 76 Tamże, s. 16 i nast. 77 Problem dotyczy w równym stopniu makrostrukturalnych środków (massages) komunikowania, jak architektura czy geograficzna lokalizacja miejsca pracy, co środków mikrostrukturalnych jak wizualne środki sterowania (Visual Display Terminals), elektroniczne monitorowanie i kontrolowanie (electronic monitoring-controlling). W przypadku środków makrostrukturalnych chodzi o dostarczenie ludziom niezbędnych danych do identyfikacji własnej osoby w kulturze, i tym samym wytyczenie ogólnych kierunków procesu socjalizacji: por.…”

Section: Efektywność Organizacji I Jakość żYciaunclassified

“…76 Powyższą zależność prześledzić można na przykładzie projektowania biur. 77 Najbardziej rozpowszechniony sposób projektowania biur polegał do niedawna na rozmieszczeniu pomieszczeń wokół różnego rodzaju przestrzeni korytarzowych. Pomieszczenia takie zapewniają pracownikom dobrą izolację wizualną, akustyczną, społeczną oraz poczucie terytorialności.…”

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Psychopatologia Pracy

Bańka¹

2016

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Music while you work: the differential distraction of background music on the cognitive test performance of introverts and extraverts

Furnham

Bradley

1997

Appl. Cognit. Psychol.

196

158

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The current study looked at the distracting effects of ‘pop music’ on introverts' and extraverts' performance on various cognitive tasks. It was predicted that there would be a main effect for music and an interaction effect with introverts performing less well in the presence of music than extraverts. Ten introverts and ten extraverts were given two tests (a memory test with immediate and delayed recall and a reading comprehension test), which were completed, either while being exposed to pop music, or in silence. The results showed that there was a detrimental effect on immediate recall on the memory test for both groups when music was played, and two of the three interactions were significant. After a 6‐minute interval the introverts who had memorized the objects in the presence of the pop music had a significantly lower recall than the extraverts in the same condition and the introverts who had observed them in silence. The introverts who completed a reading comprehension task when music was being played also performed significantly less well than these two groups. These findings have implications for the study habits of introverts when needing to retain or process complex information. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The effect of music distraction upon reading rate and comprehension.

Cited by 45 publications

References 14 publications

A SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECT AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUTTERING BY A PORTABLE APPARATUS¹

A SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECT AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUTTERING BY A PORTABLE APPARATUS¹

Psychopatologia Pracy

Music while you work: the differential distraction of background music on the cognitive test performance of introverts and extraverts

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The effect of music distraction upon reading rate and comprehension.

Cited by 45 publications

References 14 publications

A SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECT AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUTTERING BY A PORTABLE APPARATUS1

A SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECT AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUTTERING BY A PORTABLE APPARATUS1

Psychopatologia Pracy

Music while you work: the differential distraction of background music on the cognitive test performance of introverts and extraverts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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A SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECT AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUTTERING BY A PORTABLE APPARATUS¹

A SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECT AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUTTERING BY A PORTABLE APPARATUS¹