The effect of intestinal colonization of germ-free pigs with Escherichia coli on calprotectin levels in plasma, intestinal and bronchoalveolar lavages

Effects of Chitosan on Intestinal Inflammation in Weaned Pigs Challenged by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

“…The degree of inflammation has been shown to be strongly associated with calprotectin-positive cells in the stomach [29]. E. coli elicited a significant increase in the calprotectin level, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, and the calprotectin level is an important indicator of inflammatory bowel disease [5]. Calprotectin is an abundant neutrophil protein that is released during inflammation.…”

“…The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α play a central role in the cell-mediated immune response, and also participate in the maintenance of tissue integrity [5]. The level of fecal calprotectin is a sensitive and non-invasive marker of active inflammation in the gastrointestinal system [6].…”

Probiotics: Properties, Examples, and Specific Applications

“…Notably, EcN was shown to induce a significant increase of calprotectin in the small intestine of gnotobiotic piglets. Contrary to this, calprotectin did not increase in the gut after infection with the nonpathogenic E. coli strain O86 or with the enteropathogenic E. coli strain O55 (Splichal et al 2005), suggesting that calprotectin may play a role in the probiotic activity of EcN. Building on this, further studies are necessary to assess whether EcN colonization and its probiotic function are enhanced in the inflamed gut when antimicrobials like lipocalin-2 and calprotectin are highly expressed.…”

“…Furthermore, EcN has been shown to be a potent activator of the antimicrobial peptide human b-defensin-2 through flagellin stimulation of NF-kB-and AP-1-mediated signaling, thereby enhancing the colonic epithelial chemical defense system (Fig. 2) (Fellermann and Stange 2001;Ganz 2003;Wehkamp et al 2004;Splichal et al 2005;Schlee et al 2007). Another mechanism by which EcN enhances the mucosal barrier is through up-regulation of the tight junction-associated protein zonula occludens 2 (ZO-2) in intestinal epithelial cells (Fig.…”

Clinical use of E. coli Nissle 1917 in inflammatory bowel disease

“…36 EcN also significantly increases the secretion of calprotectin from neutrophils (an antimicrobial peptide to inhibit bacterial adhesion) in mono-associated piglets within 24 hours of colonization. 37 Furthermore, EcN seems to directly influence properties of the paracellular pathway leading to a restoration of a damaged epithelial barrier function. Incubation of T 84 -cells with enteropathogenic E. coli leads to a disruption of tight junctions, while coincubation with EcN leads to an increase of zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2) expression, its redistribution toward cell boundaries, and silencing of PKC isotypes resulting in tight junction and epithelial barrier repair.…”