The Effect of Heating against Cryptosporidium Oocysts.

Fujino, Takashi; Matsui, Toshihiro; Kobayashi, Fuminori; Haruki, Kosuke; Yoshino, Yukiko; Kajima, Junko; Tsuji, Moriyasu

doi:10.1292/jvms.64.199

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Oocyst survival is known to be optimal under cool, damp conditions, and the high ambient temperature, significant solar radiation and prolonged periods of drought associated with many regions of Africa, may result in rapid oocyst inactivation. Indeed, high temperature and increased solar radiation has been demonstrated to enhance Cryptosporidium oocyst inactivation in the environment (Fujino et al, 2002). Intriguingly, two recent studies from West Africa (Nigeria) have demonstrated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in Nigerian cattle herds, but only C. bovis, C. ryanae and C. andersoni were found, and C. parvum was not detected (Ayinmode et al, 2010;Maikai et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected results from large-scale cryptosporidiosis screening study in calves in Tanzania

Chang’a

Robertson

Mtambo

et al. 2011

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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A study was undertaken to investigate Cryptosporidium infection in crossbreed dairy calves in two districts in Tanzania. A total of 943 fecal samples from 601 dairy calves were included in the study, with calves from both smallholder dairy farms and from large-scale and medium-scale dairy farms. The modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) technique was used to examine 710 samples, and 13 of these were considered to be positive for Cryptosporidium. These 13 samples considered positive by mZN, along with the remaining 233 samples, were analysed by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Of these 246 samples examined by IFAT, 15 samples, 10 of which were considered positive by mZN, were also examined by the auramine phenol technique, and 5 samples, all of which were considered positive by mZN, were analysed by PCR. The results from the IFAT, auramine phenol and PCR analyses demonstrated that none of the samples contained Cryptosporidium oocysts, indicating that, cryptosporidiosis is currently not a problem in dairy calves in these regions of Tanzania. These unexpected results are discussed with respect to other reports on cryptosporidiosis in calves that suggest that this parasite is a serious calf disease globally, and particularly in relation to studies from Tanzania. We suggest that results from studies of cattle in Tanzania, in which mZN has been used as the sole analytical method, should be treated with caution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected results from large-scale cryptosporidiosis screening study in calves in Tanzania

Chang’a

Robertson

Mtambo

et al. 2011

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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“…parvum of cattle used in this study have been maintained by passage in SCID mice in Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Oocysts from feces of SCID mice infected with C. parvum were collected and concentrated by the sugar centrifugal flotation method (Fujino et al, 2002), after being stored in 2% potassium dichromate solution at 4 C. They were then used within 1 mo.…”

Section: Oocystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Microscopic Observation of the Invasion Process of Cryptosporidium Parvum in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice

Umemiya

Fukuda

Fujisaki

et al. 2005

Journal of Parasitology

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“…Cryptosporidium is a monoxenous organism, life cycle completed within a single host, which can be divided into an asexual (sporogony and schizogony/merogony) and a sexual (gamogony) phase (Fujino et al, 2002). The exogenous stage of the Cryptosporidium life cycle is a sporulated, thick walled oocyst which is excreted in the faeces of an infected host.…”

Section: • Life Cycle Of Cryptosporidiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Its Public Health Importance: Review

Mohammed¹,

Degefu²,

Jilo³

2017

International Journal of Research Studies in Microbiology and B

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Cryptosporidiosis is the worldwide disease caused by protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium, which was discovered in 1910 by Edward Ernst Tyzzer in the gastric glands of mice and he named it from the Greece word "kruptos" meaning "hidden as it did not contain sporocysts within the oocysts and it sporulates while still attached to the host wall (Tyzzer, 1910). Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite that associated with gastrointestinal diseases with a wide host range affecting all classes of vertebrates including mammals, reptiles, birds and fish (Kosek et al, 2001; Chen et al., 2002). It is protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it very resistant to chlorine disinfectants (Kosek et al, 2001). As a result, the oocysts of the Cryptosporidium can survive for several months and retain infectivity in a latent form outside the host, despite adverse environmental factors, including salinity and chemicals (Sunnotel et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2007). Cryptosporidium is monoxenous life cycle that causes diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals and neonates that believed as resulted from parasite invasion and epithelial destruction with the result of mild to moderate villus atrophy and microvillii shortening and destruction (deGraaf et al., 1999). Cryptosporidium oocysts are transmitted between hosts via the fecal-oral route, either directly from contact with faeces of infected animals or indirectly through environmental contamination or from ingestion of contaminated food or water whereas; age, immune status, concurrent infections, management and hygienic condition are the potential risk factors (Thomson, 2014). Summary: Cryptosporidiosis is the worldwide zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium which infects the micro-villous border of the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelium of wide range of vertebrates including human beings and causing diarrhea in both immune-competent and immune-compromised individuals. It follows monoxenous life cycle which requires single host and grow only in living cells but can survive in the environment for long periods without losing its infectivity. Its transmission occurs through direct or indirect contact with feces of infected animals or humans whereas a contaminated food and water are source infection. Age, immune status, concurrent infection and resistance of the parasite to adverse environmental factors are the risk to factors associated with cryptosporidium infection. It"s diagnosis of is mainly based on identification of oocysts from fecal materials while species identification rely on molecular techniques. Cryptosporidium causes high morbidity which results in production losses and death of live animals in the different countries of the world. Additionally, it accounts for up to 20% of all cases of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. Furthermore, it is a potentially fatal complication of AIDS. Since, it"s highly resistance to antimicrobials and ...

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The Effect of Heating against Cryptosporidium Oocysts.

Cited by 39 publications

References 11 publications

Unexpected results from large-scale cryptosporidiosis screening study in calves in Tanzania

Unexpected results from large-scale cryptosporidiosis screening study in calves in Tanzania

Electron Microscopic Observation of the Invasion Process of Cryptosporidium Parvum in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice

Cryptosporidium and Its Public Health Importance: Review

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