Camel milk differs from other ruminant milk as it contains low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals, high vitamin C and higher protective proteins like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, Immunoglobulins and lysozyme. Camel milk lacks of β-lactoglobulin and used as an option for the individuals intolerant to lactose of cow's milk Camel's milk is unique in terms of antioxidative factors, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-hepatitis, anti-arthritis, treatment for paratuberculosis, preventies aging, remedy for autoimmune diseases and cosmetics. Insulin in camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving longterm glycemic control in diabetic patient. Camel milk reduces autism symptoms in children. Lactoferrin has ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell. Camel milk is rich in magnesium and zinc thus endowed antiulcer properties. Camel milk has high α-hydroxyl acids which are known to plump and smoothies the skin and also used to treat skin disorders such as dermatitis, Acne, Psoriasis and Eczema. Although camel milk has such values, it's less appreciated thus its consumption is restricted to pastoral area. Further studies should be conducted on the chemical composition and medicinal value of camel milk.[7]. Moreover, camel milk is endowed with very strong immune system [2] and remedy for peptic ulcers anti-malignant [8] antiplatelet and anti-thrombotic properties [9]. More recently, studies confirmed that camel's milk is unique in terms of antioxidative factors, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-hepatitis, treatment for paratuberculosis, hypoglycaemic activity, anticancer, preventives of aging, remedy for autoimmune diseases, cosmetic and detergents [1,10,11].A numerous reviews have been carried out in different milking animals in the world but since a camel is scientifically abandoned animal the importance and use of camel milk was not reviewed which created information gap in the area. Chemical composition of camel milkCamel's milk is generally an opaque white color and has a faint sweetish odor and sharp taste; sometimes it can be salty [12]. Its opaque white color because of the fats are finely homogenized throughout the milk whereas, the changes in taste are caused by the type of fodder and availability of drinking water [5]. Its density ranges from 1.026-1.035 and the pH from 6.2-6.5, both are lower than those of the cow's milk and maximum buffering capacity of skim milk is at pH 4.95 [7].According to most authors the composition of camel milk varies due to difference of geographical origin and year of publication of the published dates but other factors such as the physiological stage, feeding conditions, seasonal or physiological variations, genetic IntroductionAs estimation of Food and Agriculture Organization the total population of camel in the world is believed to be 25.89 million, of which 89% are one-humped dromedary camels (Camelusdromedarius) and the remaining 11% are the two-humped (Camelusbactrianus) that generally found in the cold deserts of Asia while more than 60%...

SummaryCamel milk has high mineral contents of Ca, Na, Mg, Fe and Cu, low sugar and lower cholesterol and very high Vitamin C. Mastitis in camels has been reported from almost all camel rearing countries. Besides causing the loss in milk production, it has hazardous effects on human beings and suckling calves. Many infective agents have been implicated as causes of mastitis in camels, however, bacterial infections are considered the primary cause of mastitis in camel. Transmission mechanisms depend on the bulk of the infection in the environment, including: infected quarters; efficiency of milking personnel; susceptibility of the camel, which is related to the stage of lactation, age of the camel and level of inherited resistance. Subclinical mastitis is more prevalent than other form of mastitis, and unfortunately the affected animal could affect other animals because it acts as microorganism reservoir. Diagnosis of mastitis can be done through clinical examination, pH test, California Mastitis test, Somatic Cell Count, and bacteriological analyses for confirmation may be made by culturing. The prevalence of mastitis differs markedly due to geographical area and individual herd management. For instance, an overall prevalence of camel mastitis was found to be 30.2%and 76% in Eastern Ethiopia. Therapeutic approach in treating acute mastitis is via systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, with regular stripping of the mammary glands. Treatment of chronic mastitis is very difficult and the condition often results in the loss of the affected quarter. There are three main principles of mastitis control methods, such as elimination of existing infection, prevention of new infection and monitoring udder health status. Economic importance of mastitis includes: loss of milk production and quality with less favorable features, reduction in milk price due to high SCC presence, milk loss because of antibiotic treatment, and veterinary care costs. Therefore, targeting prevention and control effort is needed through early diagnosis, treatment and by avoiding possible risk factors.

Campylobacteriosis is widespread worldwide infecting all warm blooded animals including human beings.Campylobacter species are a leading cause of bacterial-derived foodborne disease Campylobacter is a gram-negative comma shaped rods, microaerophilic and motile. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the major cause of enteritis in human being and mainly transmitted to humans via handling and eating raw or undercooked meat, especially poultry. It causes watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and nausea with nervous system complications in humans. Warm-blooded farm animals such as poultry, pigs, cattle and sheep are major reservoirs for Campylobacter species. Most Campylobacter infections are acquired by consuming or handling poultry, the ideal way to control the number of human infections would be to limit contamination of poultry and its products at different levels. Routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent Campylobacter infections is not recommended. In immune-competent individuals, Campylobacter enterocolitis self-limited, with mild to moderate symptoms but supportive care with oral rehydration is the preferred treatment. In Ethiopia its highly prevalent ranging from 8-13.7 in human and 9.4-72.7 in food animals. High prevalence of zoonotic Campylobacter species has been isolated from animal products and animal feaces. Therefore, consumption of raw meat, unpasteurized milk and untreated water should be avoided. Public awareness creation to minimize risk of campylobacteriosis is also very important.

Ixodid ticks are common and a major obstacle to development and utilization of animal resource in tropical countries like Ethiopia. Ethiopia shares long international frontiers with adjacent countries, tick dynamics and influx of ticks across the border are major obstacles of tick control and management. Thus, border-oriented epidemiological surveys are of paramount importance to identify a potential port of cross border diseases, particularly ticks and to formulate complimentary bilateral policies. The current study was therefore, designed with the objectives to assess prevalence, abundance and to identify genera and species of major ixodid tick of cattle circulating at Ethio-Kenyan border. A crosssectional study was conducted from November 2016 to January 2017 in purposively selected four Pastoral Associations of Dillo district, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 7524 adult ticks were randomly collected from 384 cattle and examined with a stereomicroscope. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of risk factors with positivity for Ixodid ticks. The study revealed an overall prevalence of 98.2% of Ixodid ticks of cattle. Three genera of ticks, Rhipicephalus (including the subgenus Boophilus), Amblyomma and Hyalomma and seven species of ticks were identified and found to be abundant with overall mean burdens of 40 ticks/head. The association of age and body condition of animals to tick infestation were statistically significant but there was no significant association between sex and tick infestation (OR=3, P=0.007). Animals in poor body condition were twice more likely to be infested with tick than animals with good body condition (OR=2, P=0.031) and animals with medium body condition were also found more prone to tick infestation than animals in good body condition (OR=1.7, P=0.043). Ixodid ticks that were less abundant in most parts of the country were encountered as well adapted and widely distributed in this area. Uncontrolled animal movement across the border may play a great role in high density and diversification of tick in Dillo district. Therefore, collaborative nationwide studies was done to have the country-wide distribution figures and to identify a potential port of cross border diseases particularly ticks and to formulate complimentary bilateral policies for prevention and control of ticks.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic protozoan disease. Data on seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Ethiopia is scarce, almost null in the pastoral area of the Borana zone. The study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence, to identify risk factors of toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats, and to assess the awareness level of pastoralists about toxoplasmosis in the Yabello district of Borana zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in six peasant associations of the Yabello district of Borana zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 400 serum samples of randomly selected small ruminants owned by pastoralists were examined to detect antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii using Latex Agglutination Test (SPINREACT, Girona, Spain). A semistructured questionnaire survey was used to conduct a face-to-face interview with owners (n = 100) of sampled flocks. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of hypothesized risk factors. The overall seroprevalence was 52.8% of which 57.8 and 47.8% were sheep and goats, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed a higher seroprevalence ratio of T. gondii infection in sheep than goats (COR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.226–3.112; P  = 0.005). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated significantly higher odds of acquiring T. gondii infection in adult animals (sheep: (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.323–3.874; P  = 0.003), goats: (AOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.009–4.579; P  = 0.047)), female sheep (AOR = 2.45; CI: 1.313–4.568; P  = 0.005), animals from lowland areas (sheep: (AOR = 2.28; CI: 1.190–4.356; P  = 0.013), goat: (AOR = 3.27; CI: 1.386–7.723; P  = 0.007)), animal drinking lake water (sheep: (AOR = 1.93; CI: 1.011–3.698; P  = 0.046), goat: (AOR = 2.96; CI: 1.297–6.771; P  = 0.010)), and goats with history of abortion (AOR = 2.42; CI: 1.242–4.711; P  = 0.009) than young animals, male (sheep), animals from midland areas, animals drinking wells water, and flock with no history of abortion (goat), respectively. Among respondents, 97.0% had no knowledge about toxoplasmosis and 75.0% drink raw milk and consume the meat of sheep and goats. 80.0% of respondents had no knowledge about the risk of cats to human and animal health while 70.0% of them had domestic cats and practice improper fetal body handling. Highly prevailing toxoplasmosis in small ruminants of the Yabello district might pose a serious economic loss and be a potential public health threat to the extremely vulnerable pastoralists. Therefore, awareness and further studies are warranted to tackle the economic and public health consequences of T. gondii infection.