The effect of different acclimation temperatures on the prophenoloxidase system and other defence parameters in Litopenaeus vannamei

Immunological function in marine invertebrates: Responses to environmental perturbation

“…Animals maintained at lower temperatures (18 C and 21 C) compared to the control organisms (maintained at 24 C) demonstrated a sustained reduction in THC for the entire 12 day experiment, whilst shrimp maintained in higher temperatures (27 C and 30 C) decreased THC during the first 3 days of the 12 day exposure, after which THC returned to levels comparable to those in the control animals. The ability of the number of circulating haemocytes to recover after exposure to higher temperatures, as was noted by Pan et al [65], has also been demonstrated by a number of other investigators, where THC has been shown to recover either during or after an exposure to a number of environmental stressors. Lorenzon et al [66] demonstrated an exposure to heavy metal contamination, including Hg 2þ , Cd 2þ , Cu 2þ , Cr 6þ , Zn 2þ and Pb 2þ , in the prawn Palaemon elegans led to a decrease in THC during the first 8 h of contaminant exposure, however after a 16 h immersion haemocyte numbers returned to levels noted prior to the investigation.…”

“…In investigating the affect of both a pathogen and temperature stress on the Caribbean sea fan coral, Gorgonia ventalina, Mydlarz et al [63] demonstrated that an Aspergillus sydowii infection led to a localised increase in the number of amoebocytes in tissue closest to the infection, amoebocytes being phagocytically active cells in gorgonian corals [64], and an increase in temperature from 27 Ce29 C to 31.5 C for 8 days led to a systemic and spatially homogenous increase in amoebocyte numbers throughout undamaged coral tissue. Temperature was also shown to significantly affect THC in the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus (¼Penaeus) vannamei [65]. Animals maintained at lower temperatures (18 C and 21 C) compared to the control organisms (maintained at 24 C) demonstrated a sustained reduction in THC for the entire 12 day experiment, whilst shrimp maintained in higher temperatures (27 C and 30 C) decreased THC during the first 3 days of the 12 day exposure, after which THC returned to levels comparable to those in the control animals.…”

“…Costa et al [80] demonstrated that PO activity was reduced in farm-reared Pacific whiteleg shrimp L. (¼Penaeus) vannamei during late stages of an IMNV infection, and temperature was also shown to decrease PO activity, serine protease activity and proteinase inhibitor activity, in the same species [65], demonstrating an impact of temperature on the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system. However, whilst solid evidence exists for the role of the proPO system in arthropod immune defence, Cornet et al [119] suggest that caution is still needed when measuring immunocompetence using proPO activity in an arthropod system, as the activity of the proPO system was shown be an in-sufficient estimate of bacterial resistance at a population level in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex.…”

Immunotoxic effect of Benzo[α]Pyrene and chrysene in juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

“…Many studies found that protease inhibitorin various crustaceans, which is a role similar to the vertebrate α 2 -M and known as the class of α 2 -M, can suppress all currently known proteases. In the pro-PO system, it can regulate pro-PO kinase through a partial inhibition of serine protease activity [36,37]. According to Enghild, in the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), α 2 -M has the activity of protease inhibitors [38].…”

Modulation by biogenic amines for the hemocyte count and prophenoloxidase exocytosis via receptors in Litopenaeus vannamei

“…Previous investigations demonstrated that environmental changes could lead to fluctuations of noradrenaline (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in crustacean hemolymph (Zatta, 1987;Kuo et al, 1995;Péqueux et al, 2002;Pan et al, 2008). Many scholars believe that biogenic amines (BAs) impart information and are involved in physiological process of color variation, molt, osmotic adjustment, carbohydrate metabolism and so on in crustaceans as neurotransmitters or hormones (Cooke and Sullivan, 1982;Savage and Robinson, 1983;Sommer and Mantel, 1988;Fingerman et al, 1994;Mo et al, 1998).…”