The effect of chronic alcohol intoxication and smoking on the activity of oral peroxidase

Abstract

Peroxidase is the most important antioxidant enzyme in saliva. Through peroxidation of thiocyanate in the presence of H₂O₂, peroxidase catalyses the formation of bacteriocidic compounds such as hypothiocyanate.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic alcohol intoxication and smoking on the activity of oral peroxidase (OPO). A total of 37 volunteers participated in the study. This cohort consisted of 17 male alcohol-dependent smoking patients after chronic alcohol intoxication (AS group, alcohol + smoking) (mean age: 42 years; range: 26-55) (100-700 g/day of alcohol; 10-20 cigarettes/day) and 20 control male social drinkers(CNS group, control non-smokers) with no history of alcohol abuse or smoking (mean age: 42 years; range:30-53). Salivary peroxidase activity was measured by the colorimetric method. The differences between groups were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. There was significantly higher activity of OPO (p = 0.00001)and significantly lower salivary flow (SF) (p = 0.007) in alcohol-dependent smokers after chronic alcohol intoxication compared to the control group. OPO activity significantly correlated with the number of days of alcohol intoxication, but not with smoking. Gingival index (GI) was significantly higher in smoking alcohol-dependent persons than in the control group, and correlated with OPO activity. The sensitivity of the OPO test was 70% in smoking alcoholics, while specificity was 95%. The increased activity of OPO suggests chronic oxidative stress is more likely due to ethanol action than to smoking. Smoking alcohol-dependent persons have a worse periodontal status than controls. OPO activity as a marker of chronic alcohol abuse may help in the diagnosis of alcoholism.

Salivary Exoglycosidases as Markers of Alcohol Dependence

“…It is also known that dental and oral hygiene is often neglected by persons addicted to alcohol and that cigarette smoking deteriorates oral hygiene and it is a strong modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease (Johnson and Guthmiller, 2007;Waszkiewicz et al, 2013b,c). In our present study, we confirmed our earlier reports (Waszkiewicz et al, 2012a(Waszkiewicz et al, ,c,d,e, 2013b that alcoholics have worse dental (reflected by higher DMFT) and periodontal state (reflected by higher GI and PBI) as well as lower SF, than the controls.…”

“…Some of exoglycosidases such as salivary, serum and urinary HEX, and serum MAN, as well as urinary product of FUC activity, α-fucose, were promoted as markers of chronic alcohol drinking (alcoholism) (Geokas and Rinderknecht, 1973;Wehr et al, 1991;Yamauchi et al, 1993;Stowel et al, 1997;Waszkiewicz et al, 2010bWaszkiewicz et al, , 2011aWaszkiewicz et al, , 2013bMaenhout et al, 2013). When serum and urinary exoglycosidases were proposed as markers of alcohol dependence, liver damage was described as a reason of their activity increase in the body fluids (Waszkiewicz et al, 2010b(Waszkiewicz et al, , 2012a.…”

“…The increased activities of lysosomal exoglycosidases in the saliva of smoking alcoholics are attributable to the ethanol itself as well as alcohol and smoke metabolites, and may occur via many mechanisms: increased lysosomal membrane permeability, delayed removal of the enzymes from the saliva, impaired trafficking of lysosomal hydrolases to organelles, enhanced synthesis of the enzyme by activated leucocytes or leakage from the damaged cells (Waszkiewicz et al, 2012b(Waszkiewicz et al, , 2013b. Therefore, in alcoholics, the lysosomal and cellular membranes of the oral cavity tissues (including oral mucosa and salivary glands) may be damaged, and proteases together with glycosidases (including FUC, GAL, GLU and MAN) may be translocated into the cytosol, the extracellular matrix, and to the saliva (Waszkiewicz et al, 2012a). Smoking may, additively to ethanol, damage tissues of the oral cavity and potentiate enzyme release to the saliva (Knas et al, 2006;Waszkiewicz et al, 2013b).…”

“…For the detection of alcohol abuse/dependence, determination of salivary aminotransferases and GGT, ethanol, EtG, EtS, sialic acid, β-hexosaminidase A (HEX A) and oral peroxidase (OPO), as well as indirect methods of detecting ethanol poisoning, including congeners such as methanol and diethylene and ethylene glycol, has been proposed (Tu et al, 1992;Pönniö et al, 1999;Shin et al, 2008;Heberlein et al, 2010;Høiseth et al, 2010;Shivashankara et al, 2011;Waszkiewicz et al, 2012aWaszkiewicz et al, , 2013b. Some of the salivary glycoproteins, such as α-amylase, clusterin, haptoglobin, heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins and transferrin, also seem to be worthy of detailed glycosylation analysis in the detection of ethyl alcohol dependence (Kratz et al, 2013).…”

Effects of Tomato Juice Intake on Salivary 8-Oxo-dG Levels as Oxidative Stress Biomarker after Extensive Physical Exercise

“…It has been shown that the health status of the oral cavity is influenced by the levels of ROS [24]. The oral cavity is often exposed to ROS due to intake of alcohol [25], cigarette smoke [25,26], medications, and diets rich in fat and protein [27,28]. Another important source of ROS in the oral cavity is the presence of inflammation for elimination of pathogens, e.g., bacteria and fungi.…”