Salivary Exoglycosidases as Markers of Alcohol Dependence

Abstract

Although we found an excellent sensitivity and specificity as well as a high accuracy for the salivary activity of FUC, GLU and MAN, the GLU activity seems to be mostly applicable as a marker of chronic alcohol drinking (alcohol dependence).

Lysosomal Exoglycosidase Profile and Secretory Function in the Salivary Glands of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

“…Elevated FUC activity indicates a more severe catabolism of complex N-glycans in the parotid glands of STZ-diabetic rats in comparison to the submandibular glands. We speculate that metabolic disturbances in STZ-diabetes, similarly to abnormalities in the course of alcoholism [ 17 ], may inhibit enzyme mannosidase II resulting in intensive synthesis of high-mannose glycoproteins and increased MAN activity in both diabetic types of glands along with duration of STZ-induced diabetes. Significantly higher MAN activity in diabetic parotid glands versus control glands may also suggest that the balance between salivary glucosyltransferases and glycohydrolases is disturbed in STZ-induced type 1 diabetes [ 51 , 52 ].…”

“…Bierc et al [ 12 ] noted a significant increase in HEX, GLU, and GAL activity in the salivary gland tumor tissue, while Waszkiewicz et al [ 13 ] reported that HEX determination may be a useful marker for salivary dysfunction caused by a single dose of ethanol. Determination of lysosomal exoglycosidases also appears to have a significant diagnostic value in screening and monitoring chronic periodontitis [ 14 ], cancer [ 12 , 15 ], asthma [ 16 ], alcohol dependence [ 17 , 18 ], Lyme borreliosis [ 19 ], and rheumatoid arthritis [ 19 , 20 ], as well as type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus [ 21 – 23 ]. It has been demonstrated that increased activity of lysosomal hydrolases in saliva reflects their elevated synthesis/release, which may be associated with lysosomal membrane damage [ 22 , 24 ].…”

Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases

“…Cont. ↑ ratio between saliva Aβ 42 and Aβ 40 (but not statistically significant) in mild and moderate AD patients in comparison to control subjects, whereas it was unchanged in severe AD patients; ↑ salivary Aβ 42 in older AD patients; association between saliva Aβ 42 levels and AD was independent of established risk factors, including age or Apo E, but was dependent on sex and functional capacity;↑ levels of Aβ 42 (not statistically significant) in patients with AD and without the Apo E ε4 allele in comparison to those with the allele; levels of Aβ 42 were similar in controls with and without Apo E ε4 allele; levels of Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 in plasma did not differ significantly between AD patients and controls (259 ± 91.9 pg/mL vs. 225.1 ± 77.3 pg/mL, and 42.4 ± 92.7 pg/mL vs. 52.4 ± 68.9 pg/mL, respectively); Spearman rank analysis of saliva and plasma levels was not significant for Aβ40 as well as Aβ 42 levels; authors showed the remarkable reproducibility of the saliva Aβ in different series of repetitive measurements…”

“…At present, saliva is commonly used as a diagnostic tool in drug or alcohol abuse [39][40][41][42]. Interestingly, the fluid derived from the lip prints or bite marks of a victim, at the crime scene, could be used for the identification of the accused due to cellular and serological analysis (e.g.…”

Diagnostic Value of Salivary Markers in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

“…Moreover, saliva collection is noninvasive, and self-collection is possible. There are no risk of injuries related to injection with needle, and it is generally safe [2, 11, 12].…”