The effect of bovine vaccines against respiratory viruses administered either intranasal or intramuscular on broncho-alveolar fluid cells of heifers

Abstract

Background The knowledge on bovine vaccines against respiratory viruses on bronchoalveolar fluid cells is scarce. Objective To compare the effects of a commercial intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) vaccine against bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex viruses on bronchoalveolar fluid cells of healthy heifers. Methods 21 healthy heifers were assigned to three treatment groups: control (CO, N = 7), intranasally vaccinated (IN) (n = 7), and intramuscularly vaccinated (IM) (n = 7). The IN group received 1 mL of the commercial vaccine in each nostril once containing attenuated BoHV-1, bPIV-3, and BRSV. The IM group was vaccinated with two doses of 2 mL with an interval of 21 days of the commercial vaccine containing attenuated BoHV-1, bPIV-3, and BRSV plus inactivated BVDV. At day 0 (D0), before the first vaccine dose, and at D3, D7, and D21, after the last vaccine dose, airway bronchoscopy was performed to observe local irritation and collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The bronchoalveolar count, cytological evaluation, bronchoalveolar cell oxidative metabolism, and total bronchoalveolar IgA and IgG were measured. Results The IN vaccine increased neutrophil cellularity at D7 and D21 and total IgA at D3 in BALF. Total IgA in BALF also increased at D3 and oxidative metabolism of bronchoalveolar cells at D21 lowered compared to the CO group. Following IM vaccination there was no alteration of immunoglobulins or cell oxidative metabolism in BALF. Both vaccines reduced the number of alveolar macrophages. Conclusion Both vaccines induced bronchoalveolar inflammation during the establishment of the vaccine immunity, which was more expressive in the IN protocol.

Differentiating airway inflammation in calves based on cluster analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology

“…Next to this, a higher neutrophil count could be caused by the presence of infectious or noninfectious airway inflammation. For example, intranasal vaccination causes a predominately neutrophilic inflammation reaction 52 . Since the vaccination status of the calves was unknown, vaccination could have contributed to the higher neutrophil counts in our study.…”

“…For example, intranasal vaccination causes a predominately neutrophilic inflammation reaction. 52 Since the vaccination status of the calves was unknown, vaccination could have contributed to the higher neutrophil counts in our study. In addition, elevated neutrophil counts have been associated with exposure to particulate matter 10 in calves 17 and low-grade airway inflammation caused by environmental factors such as airway pollution in other animal species.…”

Influence of supplementation based on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on bovine respiratory disease complex

“…Deste modo, a dificuldade de diagnóstico precoce bem como os custos e falhas com tratamento motiva protocolos preventivos contra a doença. Há diversos protocolos vacinais, normalmente direcionados contra agentes virais ou associação de vírus com bactérias de aplicação sistêmica, recomendados para aplicação nas mães no pré-parto ou depois da imunidade colostral, pois as imunoglobulinas colostrais neutralizam os agentes vacinais, não induzindo resposta de memória (McGill & Sacco, 2020;Rossi et al, 2021). Existem também as vacinas intranasais.…”

“…Segundo Ollivett et al (2018), a vacinação intranasal contendo vírus vivos modificado contra agentes do CRB, ofereceu proteção contra o CRB, em bezerros de 3 a 8 dias, além de ocasionar a diminuição dos sinais clínicos e de não apresentarem efeitos colaterais durante a instalação da imunidade pós vacina. No entanto tanto Rossi et al (2021) verificaram que esta mesma vacina produziu efeitos colaterais em bezerros em fase de crescimento, sem causar doença e Primel (2022) verificou que a vacina promoveu efeito colateral e maior incidência de pneumonia em bezerros imunologicamente imaturos com eimeriose no momento da vacinação.…”

Histological Characteristics of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Young and Adult Holstein Cattle

“…Mucosal vaccination via antigen delivery to MALT cells has been widely used. In cows, intranasal vaccines against pathogens that cause respiratory diseases are already commercial [15,16]. Systemic vaccination can only induce IgG responses in the peripheral blood.…”