The effect of bovine vaccines against respiratory viruses administered either intranasal or intramuscular on broncho-alveolar fluid cells of heifers

Rossi, Patricia Santos; Mattei, R; Schllemer, Natalí Regina; Thomaz, Gabriela Rodrigues; Antunes, Anna Victória; Virmond, Maurício Paulo; Taube, Mari Jane; Bertagnon, Heloisa Godoi

doi:10.1080/01652176.2020.1870019

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Next to this, a higher neutrophil count could be caused by the presence of infectious or noninfectious airway inflammation. For example, intranasal vaccination causes a predominately neutrophilic inflammation reaction 52 . Since the vaccination status of the calves was unknown, vaccination could have contributed to the higher neutrophil counts in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…For example, intranasal vaccination causes a predominately neutrophilic inflammation reaction. 52 Since the vaccination status of the calves was unknown, vaccination could have contributed to the higher neutrophil counts in our study. In addition, elevated neutrophil counts have been associated with exposure to particulate matter 10 in calves 17 and low-grade airway inflammation caused by environmental factors such as airway pollution in other animal species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Differentiating airway inflammation in calves based on cluster analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology

Clinquart,

van Leenen,

Bokma

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundNonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (nBAL) is routinely performed in calves, and airway cytology has great potential in airway disease diagnostics. A good reference framework for nBAL cytology is lacking.ObjectivesTo distinguish different cytological profiles in nBAL from grouped housed calves using cluster analysis, and characterize these profiles on individual and herd levels.AnimalsThree hundred thirty‐eight group‐housed calves from 60 herds (mainly dairy and beef ).MethodsCross‐sectional study. Differential counts of white blood cells were determined on nBAL fluid, followed by differentiation of cytological profiles by K‐means‐based cluster analysis. These profiles were characterized by reference values, decision tree analysis, and associations with clinical, ultrasonographic, bacteriological, and cytological features.ResultsA normal (55.9%), a neutrophilic (41.1%), and an eosinophilic profile (3.0%) were identified. The normal profile was characterized by reference values of 2.3% to 47.4% neutrophils, 35.1% to 95.1% macrophages, 0.4 to 22.9% lymphocytes, and 0.0% to 0.9% eosinophils. The neutrophilic profile was characterized by ≥44.5% neutrophils, <1.6% eosinophils, and <11.5% lymphocytes. This profile was associated with the isolation of Pasteurella multocida, the presence of neutrophils with toxic granulation, and the presence of phagocytosed bacteria in neutrophils. The eosinophilic profile was characterized by eosinophils ≥1.6% (neutrophilia present) or ≥2.4% (neutrophilia absent), and associated with the presence of mast cells. On herd level, the neutrophilic and eosinophilic profiles were present in 85.0% and 15.0% of the herds, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study provides a first step in the development of cytological guidelines, aiding the assessment of airway health and inflammation in calves through nBAL fluid cytology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Differentiating airway inflammation in calves based on cluster analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology

Clinquart,

van Leenen,

Bokma

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Immunostimulation of bronchoalveolar response in calves vaccinated against bovine respiratory disease

Bertagnon,

Depaoli,

Oliveira

et al. 2024

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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Although intranasal bovine respiratory disease (BRD) vaccines containing live attenuated virus elicit greater stimulation of local humoral immunity response, they can mimic a viral infection, responsible for reducing innate defense during the establishment of vaccine-induced immunity. Probiotics containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Enterococcus faecium reduced the occurrence of BRD in neonatal calves challenged with the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Furthermore, the probiotics potentiated the humoral immune response after vaccination in murine models, raising the question of whether they could have the same effect in calves. This study aimed to verify if the probiotic containing E. faecium and S. cerevisiae attenuates the inflammation caused by the vaccine against BRD in the respiratory tract region in calves. Twenty-four healthy Jersey calves, aged 6 to 7 months old, were divided into the groups: control (C), supplemented (S), vaccinated (V), and supplemented and vaccinated (SV), with six animals in each of them. Supplemented groups (S and SV) received S. cerevisiae and E. faecium once a day on D-15 for 51 days (Probios precise®, Ouro Fino®, 2g/day/animal). Vaccinated groups (V and SV) received a single dose of an intranasal BRD vaccine on day 0 (Inforce®, Zoetis®, 1ml/ nostril). The control group was not supplemented or vaccined. Irritation of the respiratory tract and bronchoalveolar (BA) evaluations: cytology, phagocyte function, and IgA were measured on D-15, D3, D7, and D21. The vaccinated groups showed greater irritation of the nasopharynx and trachea. However, only Group V showed a reduction in BA phagocyte function and an increase in cellularity by a neutrophil influx in the BA region. Regarding IgA BA, SV showed the greatest increase, followed by S and V, concerning C. We conclude that isolated supplementation with E. faecium and S. cerevisiae promoted increased production of BA IgA. In association with the vaccine, the supplementation attenuated the inflammation of the respiratory tract produced by the vaccine itself, avoiding the reduction of phagocyte function BA, besides potentiating the humoral immune response of the vaccine containing live attenuated virus against BRD.

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Histological Characteristics of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Young and Adult Holstein Cattle

Kosenda,

Ichii,

Yamashita

et al. 2023

Animals

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The conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) has been used as a target site for mucosal vaccinations in several animals. In this study, we compared the morphological features of CALT in the eyelid and third eyelid between Holstein calves and adult cows. In the eyelids, CALTs in the form of diffused lymphoid tissue (DLT) and lymphatic follicles (LF) were observed, where DLTs were dominant and LFs were scarce. The CALTs of cows comprised T-, B-cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, B-cells were dominant except in the eyelids of the calves. The epithelial layer covering the CALT is often discontinuous and lacks goblet cells. Cytokeratin18 is strongly expressed in the epithelial layer covering the CALT, except in the third eyelids of adult cows. IgA-positive cells were diffusely distributed in the lamina propria of the conjunctiva of the eyelids and third eyelids. The eyelid CALT area in calves was lower than that in adult cows. Furthermore, the CALT of calves had a lower cellularity of B-cells and a higher cellularity of macrophages than that of adult cows. These histological characteristics indicate that CALT plays a role in the mucosal immune-inductive and effector sites. Furthermore, lower cellularity of B-cells in the CALT of calves indicates that the function of CALT as a mucosal immune induction site is less developed in calves than in adult cows.

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The effect of bovine vaccines against respiratory viruses administered either intranasal or intramuscular on broncho-alveolar fluid cells of heifers

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

Differentiating airway inflammation in calves based on cluster analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology

Differentiating airway inflammation in calves based on cluster analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology

Immunostimulation of bronchoalveolar response in calves vaccinated against bovine respiratory disease

Histological Characteristics of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Young and Adult Holstein Cattle

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