The double burden of malnutrition and dietary patterns in rural Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Indonesia is undergoing a nutrition transition (NT) comprised of rising rates of overweight/obesity and consumption of high fat food/snacks but is still struck by undernutrition, causing a double burden of malnutrition. Little research pertains to the double burden of malnutrition and its associations with diet in rural Indonesia using primary village level data.Methods: We conducted a 24-hour food recall and food frequency questionnaire and assessed anthropometric status of rural villagers from four villages in Central Java, Indonesia. Exploratory principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and multi-level modeling was performed to identify variables associated with dietary pattern indicative of the NT.Findings: 1,521 participants were included in analysis. Double burden of malnutrition was prevalent whereby 32.3% of children were stunted, 68.8% of women 35-49 years-old were overweight, and 39% of homes were classified as double burden. The NT was evident in a dietary pattern associated with soft drink, snacks, and animal products. There was small but significant correlation between undernutrition and stunting status among children (r = −0.139, p < 0.01). The NT was associated with young age (B = 1.696, 95% CI = 1.508-1.885) but not with overweight (B = −0.099, 95% CI = −0.184-−0.013).Interpretation: Our findings suggest that whilst the typical pattern of the double burden of malnutrition (stunted child/overweight adult) exists in rural Central Java, dietary patterns indicative of the NT are predominant among children, not adults. Overweight among adults may not be necessarily due to a diet indicative of the NT, and nutrition interventions in rural Central Java should focus on educating parents of young children about the health-risks of a diet associated with a NT.

Association of soybean-based food with the prevalence of anaemia among reproductive-aged men and women in rural Central Java, Indonesia

“…This is because whilst issues of non-compliance and inconsistent use of Fe supplementation in Indonesia have been reported (11) , the consumption of soybean in our study was almost 80 %, which was expected given it is a local staple (Table 1). Whilst Fe fortification of wheat flour has been mandatory in Indonesia since 2001 (44) , consumption of wheat flour products among adults in our study was very low; the dominant carbohydrate source was white rice (45) . Only recently has Fe fortification of rice programmes began in Indonesia, but with limited success in increasing serum Hb and ferritin levels (44) .…”

Infarct Stroke and Blood Glucose Associated with Food Consumption in Indonesia

“…Several other studies have also revealed that Indonesian adults insufficiently consumed protein, fruits, and vegetables, but consumed fast food and sodium excessively [41]. Another study that has been conducted in Central Java, Indonesia, also showed that dietary patterns were associated with increased consumption of soft drinks, snacks, and various animal products [43]. Another study was further conducted in Jakarta showing that the daily food consumption of the observed population reached 1868-2334 g/capita/day.…”

Sanitasi rumah dan stunting di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Labuan Kabupaten Donggala

“…Masalah stunting dan gizi kurang masih menjadi fokus oleh pemerintah untuk terus diturunkan kasusnya, namun di saat yang bersamaan prevalensi gizi lebih meningkat pada kelompok usia anak di Indonesia (Rachmi et al, 2016). Masalah gizi kurang banyak terjadi pada anakanak sedangkan masalah gizi lebih banyak ditemukan pada usia dewasa (Lowe et al, 2021).…”