THE DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGTH OF WEAK BASES AND PSEUDO BASES IN GLACIAL ACETIC ACID SOLUTIONS<sup>1</sup>

Batch intercalation experiments have carried out using c-zirconium phosphate (c-ZrP) and one of its cationic surfactant forms (c-ZrP/SUR ? ) for removing crystal violet from aqueous solutions. The intercalation reactions have conducted along two different intervals of time (24 and 48 h). The intercalation process has followed up by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), UV-Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometries. Regarding c-ZrP, XRD patterns show that obtained phases are impure, even after 48 h of the reaction time at a maximum dye loading of 18%. On the other side, c-ZrP/SUR ? gives an impure phase after 24 h while a pure one (2.47 nm) is obtained after 48 h at a maximum dye loading of 19%. In both cases, the observed dye loading values are approximately equal to the one calculated by molecular modeling (ca. 20%). The used analysis approaches prove that dye uptake capacity is a function of the reaction time and inclination angle of the dye molecules inside the solid matrices, where the highest dye uptakes are observed with c-ZrP and c-ZrP/SUR ? after 48 h of the reaction time. This time (48 h) is long enough for the dye molecules to be sufficiently accumulated inside the interlayer regions, in such situation dye molecules are forced to stand up perpendicular to the inorganic layers. With respect to intercalation properties, the difference between c-ZrP and c-ZrP/SUR ? could be referred to the difference between their gallery heights (1.22 and 3.00 nm, respectively). The pre-intercalation of c-ZrP with the surfactant molecules assists the inclusion and intercalation of the huge dye molecules into the interlayer region.

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“…. The comments regarding the red-shift and new band are consistent with publications found concerning CV dye [15] and a-ZrP/CV composite [9]. …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Surfactant-assisted intercalation of crystal violet in layered γ-zirconium phosphate. Dye uptake from aqueous solutions

Alhendawi

Brunet

Payán

et al. 2011

J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem

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“…A red shift (ca. 50 nm) of the principal x band of CV + has been observed repeatedly in solutions of hydrochloric acid 29 or glacial acetic acid at pH values <1.5 . The appearance of the new y band can be related to the change in the CV molecule upon protonation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Intercalation of Dyes in Layered Zirconium Phosphates. 1. Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of α-Zirconium Phosphate Crystal Violet Compounds

et al. 1997

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The intercalation of crystal violet (CV+) into the ethanol form of α-zirconium phosphate has been investigated. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of samples with increasing dye loading showed that a pure phase (interlayer distance 2.2 nm) was obtained at a dye loading of 22% of the maximum ion-exchange capacity. Computer models and calculations based on dye dimensions and the structure of the host showed that this phase possesses dye loading and an interlayer distance very near to the maximum values, i.e., about 25% and 2.14 nm, respectively, that can be obtained if the crystal violet is intercalated as a monolayer of dye cations placed perpendicular to the inorganic layers of the host. The decrease of the interlayer distance to 1.8 nm with drying was attributed to a change on the inclination of dye molecules inside the interlayer space after the solvent is eliminated. The absorption spectra measured by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed maxima around 430 and 640 nm due to the protonation of the dye by the acidic P−OH groups of α-zirconium phosphate, exhibiting pK values in the range from ∼0 (430 nm) to ∼1 (640 nm). The dye−dye interaction in the perpendicular orientation caused absorption around 510 nm assigned to stacked (CV+) n layers.

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“…base reactions in glacial acetic acid was carried out by Conant,Hall,and Werner in 192'7 ( i ,8, 30-32). Kolthoff and Willman (48,49) in 1934 investigated the strength of cations and anions in glacial acetic acid, while in the same year Nadeau and Branchen (59) published their method for the determination of amino acids in acetic acid.…”

Section: Wollish and Morton Schmallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titration of Pharmaceuticals in Nonaqueous Solvents *

Pifer

Wollish

Schmall

1953

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific

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THE DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGTH OF WEAK BASES AND PSEUDO BASES IN GLACIAL ACETIC ACID SOLUTIONS¹

Cited by 47 publications

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Surfactant-assisted intercalation of crystal violet in layered γ-zirconium phosphate. Dye uptake from aqueous solutions

Surfactant-assisted intercalation of crystal violet in layered γ-zirconium phosphate. Dye uptake from aqueous solutions

Intercalation of Dyes in Layered Zirconium Phosphates. 1. Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of α-Zirconium Phosphate Crystal Violet Compounds

Titration of Pharmaceuticals in Nonaqueous Solvents *

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THE DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGTH OF WEAK BASES AND PSEUDO BASES IN GLACIAL ACETIC ACID SOLUTIONS1

Cited by 47 publications

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Surfactant-assisted intercalation of crystal violet in layered γ-zirconium phosphate. Dye uptake from aqueous solutions

Surfactant-assisted intercalation of crystal violet in layered γ-zirconium phosphate. Dye uptake from aqueous solutions

Intercalation of Dyes in Layered Zirconium Phosphates. 1. Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of α-Zirconium Phosphate Crystal Violet Compounds

Titration of Pharmaceuticals in Nonaqueous Solvents *

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THE DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGTH OF WEAK BASES AND PSEUDO BASES IN GLACIAL ACETIC ACID SOLUTIONS¹