Surfactant-assisted intercalation of crystal violet in layered γ-zirconium phosphate. Dye uptake from aqueous solutions

Abstract

Batch intercalation experiments have carried out using c-zirconium phosphate (c-ZrP) and one of its cationic surfactant forms (c-ZrP/SUR ? ) for removing crystal violet from aqueous solutions. The intercalation reactions have conducted along two different intervals of time (24 and 48 h). The intercalation process has followed up by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), UV-Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometries. Regarding c-ZrP, XRD patterns show that obtained phases are impure, even after 48 h of the reaction time at a maximum dye loading of 18%. On the other side, c-ZrP/SUR ? gives an impure phase after 24 h while a pure one (2.47 nm) is obtained after 48 h at a maximum dye loading of 19%. In both cases, the observed dye loading values are approximately equal to the one calculated by molecular modeling (ca. 20%). The used analysis approaches prove that dye uptake capacity is a function of the reaction time and inclination angle of the dye molecules inside the solid matrices, where the highest dye uptakes are observed with c-ZrP and c-ZrP/SUR ? after 48 h of the reaction time. This time (48 h) is long enough for the dye molecules to be sufficiently accumulated inside the interlayer regions, in such situation dye molecules are forced to stand up perpendicular to the inorganic layers. With respect to intercalation properties, the difference between c-ZrP and c-ZrP/SUR ? could be referred to the difference between their gallery heights (1.22 and 3.00 nm, respectively). The pre-intercalation of c-ZrP with the surfactant molecules assists the inclusion and intercalation of the huge dye molecules into the interlayer region.

Simultaneous Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions and Dyes from Wastewater through Montmorillonite Clay Mineral

“…The obtained parameters are in line with those reported literature for the adsorption of CV onto K10-Montnorillonite [78,112]. Comparison with other adsorbents evidences the higher efficiency of Mt [33,113,114].…”

An Easy Synthesis for Preparing Bio-Based Hybrid Adsorbent Useful for Fast Adsorption of Polar Pollutants

“…* The related amounts are not q m but refer to the following experimental conditions: In Ref. [49]: 500 mg of adsorbent in 523.3 mL of 1.5 × 10 −2 M dye in water for a contact time of 48 h, Ref. [52]: 30 mg of adsorbent was poured in 5 mL of 0.1 mM of dye under stirring for 420 min.…”

Phosphate-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials: Design, Construction and Technological Applications

“…They are powerful phases for the entrapping and exchanging of organic cations such as primary alkylamines and aminophenyl-and pyridinium-substituted porphyrins among many other examples [8,9,19].…”

“…Materials able to efficiently entrap dyes are thus quite desirable. ZrP phases serve this purpose as well (Figure 8) [8,9].…”

“…Phosphate-based-layered organic-inorganic materials, especially those built from octahedral corner-sharing zirconium and tetrahedral phosphate, have attracted much attention and aroused increasing interest from the viewpoint of developing novel functional porous materials for many fields of modern technology, such as luminescence materials [1], chiral molecular selectors [2,3], hydrogen adsorbents [4][5][6], drug-delivery systems [7] and materials for waste water treatment [8][9][10].…”