The Demography of Canada and the United States from the 1980s to the 2000s

Abstract

Canada and the United States have enjoyed vigorous population growth since the early 1980s. Although mortality is slightly higher in the United States than in Canada, this is largely offset by much higher fertility, with a total fertility rate at replacement level, compared with just 1.5 children per woman in Canada. The United States is also the world’s largest immigrant receiving country, although its immigration rate is only half that of Canada, where today one person in five is foreign-born, versus one in eight in the United States. Based on recent trends in fertility, mortality and international migration, the populations of these two North American countries will continue to grow over the next five decades, but at a progressively slower pace. The most acute demographic issue today is not, as in Europe, that of imminent population decline, but rather of the geographic and social inequalities which have increased steadily since the early 1980s and which are reflected in major fertility and health differentials between regions and social groups.

Trends, patterns, and differentials in Canadian mortality over nearly a century, 1921-2011

“…examined trends over varying lengths of time (Bourbeau and Légaré 1982;Nagnur 1986;Adams 1990;Nagnur and Nagrodski 1990;Baxter and Ramlo 1998;Manuel and Hockin 2000;Bourbeau 2002b;Beaujot and Kerr 2003;Henripin 2003;Martel and Bourbeau 2003;Prud'homme 2007;Barbieri and Ouellette 2012;Decady and Greenberg 2014); 2. carried out differential or comparative analyses by sex, province, immigrant status, income level, or educational attainment (Wilkins 1980;Trovato 1985Trovato , 1993Trovato , 2007Trovato andLalu 1995, 2001;Nault 1997;Andreev 2000;Bourbeau 2002a;Prud'homme 2007;Wilkins et al 2008;Zanfongnon 2008;Pampalon 2009aPampalon , 2009bPampalon , 2009cOmariba et al 2014); 3. focused on the epidemiology of population change through cause-of-death analyses (Bah and Rajulton 1991;Bourbeau 2002b;Lussier et al 2008;Bergeron-Boucher 2012); 4. investigated changes in healthy life expectancy (for an overview see Bourbeau et al 2011;Mandich and Margolis 2014). These studies show that the health and longevity evolution in the past 90 years is characterized notably by large declines in infant mortality, a substantial increase in life expectancy, important variations of sex differences in average length of life, improved survival at old and very old ages, rectangularization of the survival curve, changing causes of death, and a reduction of geographic disparities in mortality between Canadian provinces.…”

A fizikai aktivitás hatásai az időskori kognitív működésre

“…Az idős korosztály a leggyorsabban gyarapodó réteg a mai társadalomban. Az Egyesült Államokban 1980 és 2010 között a 65 év felettiek aránya 11%-ról 13%-ra emelkedett, és 2030-ig ez az arány előreláthatóan el fogja érni a 19-20%-ot is [1] [2]. A Föld teljes lakosságát tekintve, a WHO becslései szerint 2000-ben 10%, vagyis megközelítőleg 600 millió ember volt 60 évnél idősebb, és arra lehet számítani, hogy 2025-ig ez a szám elérheti az 1,2 milliárdot, illetve 2050-ig az 1,9 milliárdot [3].…”

Resilient English speaking Canadians: predictors from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth

“…Additionally, the Canadian population demonstrates a higher percentage of immigrants than the United States, especially from Asia and Africa (Barbieri & Oullette, 2012). Barbieri and Oullette (2012) also point out that the probability of dying at ages 15 to 65 is almost 30% higher in the United States than in Canada. According to Hardwick, Marcus, and Isaak (2010) Canadian national identity, as represented in Social Studies normative developmental outcomes (Aldwin, Cunningham, & Taylor, 2010;Luthar et al, 2000;Rolf & Garmezy, 1974;Werner et al , 1971).…”

“…However, Canadians still demonstrate lower fertility rates and lower death rates when compared to Americans as a whole (Krueger, Bhaloo, & Rosenau;2009). Barbieri and Oullette (2012) note that almost 80% of the Canadian population lives within 150 kilometers of the border with the United States whereas the population in the United States is comparatively more evenly distributed. Additionally, the Canadian population demonstrates a higher percentage of immigrants than the United States, especially from Asia and Africa (Barbieri & Oullette, 2012).…”

“…Barbieri and Oullette (2012) note that almost 80% of the Canadian population lives within 150 kilometers of the border with the United States whereas the population in the United States is comparatively more evenly distributed. Additionally, the Canadian population demonstrates a higher percentage of immigrants than the United States, especially from Asia and Africa (Barbieri & Oullette, 2012). Barbieri and Oullette (2012) also point out that the probability of dying at ages 15 to 65 is almost 30% higher in the United States than in Canada.…”