“…Furthermore, Cummins, Polzin, and Theobald (1990b) found that both the percentage of residents involved in external activities and their frequency of involvement increased threefold following their move from an institution to community-based accommodation. Similarly, Cummins and Dunt (1990) observed a significant increase in the range and frequency of leisure activities, and an increase in the normality of the residents' lifestyles as indicated by daily routines following relocation from an institution to the community. DI and CI have also helped to redress the debilitating and detrimental behavioural effects of institutionalisation ( Barton, 1959;Wing, 1962;Szasz, 1970), including unquestioning compliance with rules, an absence of assertive action, a lack of spontaneity, inflexibility and inability to adapt to changing social demands, egocentric preoccupation with bodily functions, as well as an inability to establish relationships (Goffman, 1962).…”