The deepest differences

Electrochemical Nanoprobes for Single-Cell Analysis

“…gene expression, protein activities, ion fluctuations, signaling) at the single cell level is key to understanding cellular behavior in a complex environment. [1][2][3][4] Nanoscale devices are ideal single-cell surgical tools because of their potential for high spatial and temporal resolution recordings with minimal disturbance to cell functions. 5,6 Recently, two groups independently developed cellular nanoendoscopes for single cell analysis.…”

Nanokit for single-cell electrochemical analyses

“…Compared with the current methods that use a complicated structural design or surface functionalization for the recognition of the analytes, the nanokit has adapted features of the well-established kits and integrated the kit components and detector in one nanometer-sized capillary, which provides a specific device to characterize the reactivity and concentrations of cellular compounds in single cells. T he analysis of small molecules and proteins in single cells is critical to understanding the pathways associated with cellular heterogeneity and disease states (1)(2)(3). Fluorescence probes that emit specific spectral signals on binding the target molecules are widely used, present the current state of the art technology, and have provided much of our current understanding of intracellular signaling (4)(5)(6).…”

DNA polymerases in Biotechnology

“…For example, advances in sequencing technology (i.e., nanopore sequencing) can use extremely long DNA but methods to create long DNAs have not kept pace (Branton et al, 2008;Metzker, 2010;Shendure et al, 2011). Novel amplification techniques are also required to profile genetic variations among single cells (Navin and Hicks, 2011;Schubert, 2011) because the quantity of genomic DNA from a single cell is insufficient to sequence directly. Therefore, DNA must first be amplified prior to further analysis .…”