The Corrected Orthogonal Electrocardiogram and Vectorcardiogram in 510 Normal Men (Frank Lead System)

Abstract

Corrected orthogonal electrocardiographic records were taken from 510 normal male subjects. Their age ranged from 19 to 84 years. Data processing and analysis were performed by means of a digital computer. Measurements were taken from the three scalar orthogonal leads and from a variety of spatial vectors in a Cartesian reference frame. Main emphasis was put on series of instantaneous vectors of the QRS complex, the ST segment, and the T wave. In order to eliminate inter-individual variability in electrocardiographic wave durations, time normalization was applied by dividing QRS, ST, and T into equal parts in time. Results for instantaneous vectors were also obtained in absolute time at intervals of 0.01 second. In addition, time integrals, polar vectors, and Eigenvectors were determined for P, QRS, and T. Normal ranges were computed for both normally and abnormally distributed results.

Atrial repolarization as observable during the PQ interval

“…t = t mid-PQ , the main vector showed an approximately reverse direction. The spatial orientation of P apex presented in the literature 16 for males is indicated by a black cross in Fig. 3A, which lies within the density contour of 20%.…”

Prognostic Value and Temporal Behavior of the Planar QRS-T Angle in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

“…A narrow planar QRS-T angle, Ͻ45°, has been described previously in normal patient populations. [23][24][25] Conversely, planar QRS-T angles Ͼ45°to 60°have been described as abnormal and *The total number of patients experiencing the primary end point is less than the sum of individual events because some patients experienced Ͼ1 appropriate shock.…”

Detection of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is improved when using advanced rather than strictly conventional 12-lead electrocardiogram

“…Advanced ECG parameters derived from signal averaging. Signal averaging was performed using software developed by the authors 20,21,25,28 to generate results for parameters of: 1) 12-lead HF QRS ECG; 20 2) derived 3-dimensional ECG, using the Frank-lead reconstruction technique of Kors et al 29 to derive several vectocardiographic parameters previously described by Draper et al, 30 including for example the spatial mean QRS-T angle 17,28,31 and the magnitude, 30 azimuth /elevation 30 and beat-to-beat variation 16 of the spatial ventricular gradient and its components; and 3) QRS and Twaveform complexity via SVD, for example to derive parameters such as the principal component analysis (PCA) ratio, 21,22,32 the "relative residuum" 21,23 and the dipolar and nondipolar voltages 19,25 of the QRS and T waveforms. The majority of the parameters studied and their related detailed methods have been described in other recent publications.…”