The Conductance and Ionic Mobilities for Aqueous Solutions of Potassium and Sodium Chloride at Temperatures from 15° to 45°C

Gunning, H. E.; Gordon, A. R.

doi:10.1063/1.1723667

Cited by 75 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This inethod is identical in principle to that used for the measuremellt of the conductance of aqueous solutions of alkali halides by Bronsted and Nielsen (8), Gunning and Gordon (9), and more recently by Ives and Swaroopa ( l o ) , and Liin (11). In the hands of these workers this direct-current method has been shown to give results closely similar to those obtained 011 the same systems by the use of the alternating-current method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Electrolytic Conductance in Hydrogen Peroxide–water Mixtures: Part I. The Alkali Chlorides

Thomas¹,

Maass²

1958

Can. J. Chem.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Electrolytic Conductance in Hydrogen Peroxide–water Mixtures: Part I. The Alkali Chlorides

Thomas¹,

Maass²

1958

Can. J. Chem.

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“…Published experimental values for Λ 0 [20,32,33,39,40,43,45] were extrapolated using a simple quadratic regression (R 2 = 1.000). Values for dielectric constant and viscosity of water at temperatures between 0 and 50°C were calculated using functions given by IAPWS (2008) [51].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Statistical Description of Precision Conductivity Data for Aqueous Sodium Chloride

Wadsworth¹

2012

J Solution Chem

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Published precise data for NaCl in the temperature range 0-50°C were assembled, corrected to current standards and analyzed by weighted least-squares regression. There was a notable paucity of data at 0°C. Data were analyzed as specific conductivity to avoid violation of the statistical independence assumption. The regression model was a polynomial in √ c, with an added transcendental term. Powers of √ c were added to published equations to extend the range of c fitted. Temperature dependency of the coefficients was individually modeled by cubic functions in the Celsius temperature. Criteria for an acceptable model included lack of bias, similarity to published theoretical equations, and extrapolation to infinite dilution consistent with literature values. The predictive equation chosen was of the form: κ = Λ 0 c − Sc 3/2 + Ec 2 ln c + J 1 c 2 + J 2 c 5/2 + J 3 c 3 + J 4 c 7/2 + J 5 c 4 + J 6 c 9/2 and fit the data without bias but with high precision (±0.33 µS·cm −1 ) for the full range of published concentrations (up to 5.4 mol·L −1 ), over the temperature range 0-50°C, something not previously achieved. All coefficients but J 5 and J 6 were temperature dependent; the latter terms were required for an unbiased fit at higher concentrations (> 1 mol·L −1 ). Solution of the equation for infinite dilution matched published values closely. The use of separate empirical temperature dependency for the equation coefficients may provide an independent means of validating theoretical treatments of conductivity data.

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“…30 We also assumed cation and anion transference numbers of 0.39 and 0.61, respectively, corresponding to their dilute values. 37 Thermodynamically consistent values of ionic conductivity were thereby calculated assuming these parameters as κ 0 = D 0 c e F 2 /(2R g T t + t − ) where F, R g , and T are Faraday's constant, the gas constant, and temperature respectively. 29,32 We note that this relation produces a constant equivalent conductance together with the assumed D 0 value, and that previous CDI models effectively produce constant equivalent conductance (for example see Refs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capacitive Performance and Tortuosity of Activated Carbon Electrodes with Macroscopic Pores

Reale

Smith

2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The rate of ionic conduction through the electrolyte of porous electrodes is determined in part by the tortuosity, a factor describing the effective length an ion must travel through the microstructure's pores. To facilitate ionic conduction and adsorption into the electric double-layers of capacitive electrodes, we show that macroscopic pores can be added to reduce the effective tortuosity by providing more direct paths to capacitive interfaces. We show experimental and simulated results of fabricating and testing electrodes that are machined to include macro-pores aligned normal to current collectors. Through the reduction of tortuosity, these "bi-tortuous" electrodes surpass unpatterned electrodes in effective ionic conductivity and capacitance. The degree of improvement is dependent on the electrodes' thickness and charging rate. Potable water demand together with agricultural and industrial needs are likely to drive the desalination of seawater, wastewater, and brackish water resources, and capacitive deionization (CDI) is one potential technology for these purposes.1 In CDI anions and cations are removed from feedwater solution by way of capacitive adsorption into electric double-layers (EDLs). The rate of salt removal in CDI ultimately influences the cost of water production, and, hence, achieving high salt removal rates is critical to making economical CDI devices. Salt removal rate typically increases with the current density used 2 because one electron is transferred for every monovalent ion adsorbed when co-ion adsorption is negligible. Thick electrodes in CDI have the potential to increase areal capacitance and enable the treatment of concentrated salt water, but such electrodes typically suffer from cracking during fabrication, increased ionic resistance, and energy consumption that typically restricts thickness to less than 350 μm.3 While alternative strategies can be used to eliminate these effects (including flow-electrode architectures 4 and intercalation-based electrodes 5-7 ) strategies to simultaneously increase salt removal rate with conventional EDL-based electrodes are desirable.In porous electrodes, including both EDL-and intercalation-based, microstructure is known to influence internal resistance, capacitance, and energy efficiency. In particular, the tortuosity τ of a porous electrode material is the ratio of the microscopic path length that an ion takes within pores normalized by the Cartesian distance between the endpoints of the path. [8][9][10] In general, porous electrodes exhibit tortuosity exceeding unity as a result of the random arrangement of impenetrable solid matrix comprising the electrode. Aside from its geometric interpretation, tortuosity impacts electrode charging dynamics by way of the effective ionic conductivity κ ef f = κ 0 ε/τ and the effective ionic diffusivity D ef f = D 0 ε/τ, where κ 0 and D 0 are the bulk values of ionic conductivity and diffusivity, and ε is porosity. 8,[11][12][13][14] The reduction of the effective transport property relative to its corres...

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The Conductance and Ionic Mobilities for Aqueous Solutions of Potassium and Sodium Chloride at Temperatures from 15° to 45°C

Cited by 75 publications

References 21 publications

Electrolytic Conductance in Hydrogen Peroxide–water Mixtures: Part I. The Alkali Chlorides

Electrolytic Conductance in Hydrogen Peroxide–water Mixtures: Part I. The Alkali Chlorides

The Statistical Description of Precision Conductivity Data for Aqueous Sodium Chloride

Capacitive Performance and Tortuosity of Activated Carbon Electrodes with Macroscopic Pores

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