The compressive properties of long bones

Abstract

In this study, compressive tests of the bones along the axial direction have been carried out on some wet specimens of the right femur and humerus, from which there have been obtained the elastic modulus of femur E=9.98• , andthat of humerus ~=ll.37• Also comparisons and discussions have been made with reference to the available data repurred abroad and at home.As indicated in this paper, bone tissues obviously possess viscoelastic properties.Their hysteresis loops are shown in Fig.3 (a~ and (b) and some nechanical phenomena observed during the test are illustrated elsewhere. Sun Jia-juGeng Jie He Fu-zhao the widest, for the biggest nutrient femoral artery lies right here and, therefore, the crack tends to extend more swiftly here than in other places. According to (7) Chen Wi-chong , after the failure of diaphysis only one crack with the longitudinal direction was seen both in front of and at the baok of diaphysis.

Standardizing compression testing for measuring the stiffness of human bone

“…5 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 16 , 20 - 22 , 24 - 31 , 33 - 139 The temperatures used varied across the literature and samples were commonly frozen in physiological (0.9%) saline solutions. Other solutions used for storage, or for thawing samples, include ethanol, 5 , 22 , 32 , 70 - 72 , 140 - 145 Ringer’s solution, 16 , 31 , 42 , 43 , 57 , 60 , 74 , 80 , 83 , 84 , 105 , 142 , 144 , 146 embalming fluid (commonly formalin-based solutions), 31 , 102 , 118 , 141 , 147 - 152 and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. 65 , 115 , 124 , …”

“… 38 , 43 - 45 , 69 , 101 , 104 , 107 , 113 , 118 , 119 , 146 , 157 , 161 - 163 A few studies used variations of the standard machine setup such as use of grooved platens, 154 custom-built compression machines, 82 , 122 , 132 , 164 , 165 and drop tower 159 or hand-loaded testing machines. 141 Some studies tested bone specimens in water baths filled with saline solution. 53 , 66 , 70 , 72 , 87 , 107 , 122 , 166 , 167 Other solutions in which samples were immersed during testing included Ringer’s solution, 168 Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution, 166 and PBS with protease inhibitors.…”

“…Both ends of the specimen should be parallel to each other, with these surfaces also lying perfectly perpendicular to the long axis of the specimen. 141 …”