The coastal heavy mineral sand deposits of Africa

Rozendaal, A.; Philander, C.; Heyn, R.

doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.1.133

Cited by 8 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The largest HM deposits are located along the coastal areas of countries bordering the Indian Ocean, including India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Western Australia, and the South African coastline (Hancox and Brandt 2000 ; Laxmi et al 2013 ; Haldar 2018 ). Specific locations in the Eucla and Murray Basins in Australia, Eastern Australian coastline, the Indian and Sri Lankan coastlines, and Kwale and Richards Bay in South Africa are some of the best prospects for HM exploration and exploitation (Rozendaal et al 2017 ; Amalan et al 2018 ; Perks and Mudd 2019 ). The heavy mineral deposits in the coastal regions of the Indian Ocean are linked to three remarkable geological systems, namely the largest orogenic system on Earth (the Himalayan Range), the largest fluvio-deltaic system (the Bengal Delta), and the largest submarine fan system (the Bengal Deep Sea Fan) (Kuehl et al 1989 ; Garzanti et al 2004 ; Rahman et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Global Distribution Of Hmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eastern coast of Australia and the western coast of Africa (e.g. Grande Côte, Sierra Rutile, Namakwa, and Tormin) are also identified as potential areas for HM deposits (Rozendaal et al 2017 ). The African continent has the potential to become an influential supplier of HMs (e.g.…”

Section: Global Distribution Of Hmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The African continent has the potential to become an influential supplier of HMs (e.g. titanium feedstock and zircon) to the global market (Rozendaal et al 2017 ). Several researchers have investigated potential HM deposits in offshore areas in the South Atlantic Ocean (Pilkey 1963 ; Gent et al 2005 ).…”

Section: Global Distribution Of Hmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals

et al. 2022

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Heavy minerals (HMs) are used in many high-tech applications (e.g. nuclear reactors, photovoltaic cells, electronics, green, and nano- and space technology), and thus global demand is increasing day by day. This review article is focused on the global distribution, genesis, economic geology, exploration and exploitation, demand (i.e. past, present, and future status of annual global production, consumption, and price), applications (geological and industrial uses), and major environmental issues mostly related to the HM sand industry. Heavy mineral deposits are distributed in more than 45 countries. Major HM deposits are located in Australia, Asia, and Africa, as secondary coastal placers bordering the Indian Ocean. Onshore and offshore deposits in the Americas, Europe, and other countries also contribute to the global HM market. Heavy mineral deposits are categorised as primary (magmatic, hydrothermal, metamorphic) or secondary (weathered, eroded, and transported sediments) deposits. Titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element (REEs) bearing minerals are key industrial commodities in the current global market. The heavy mineral industry has experienced healthy growth in unit price and global production due to increased demand generated by rapidly expanding economies such as those of China and India. Global production of zircon, ilmenite, and rutile has gradually increased over the last few decades. Global apparent consumption of ilmenite declined slightly from 1970 to 1995, in part due to introduction of stringent regulatory measures and government environmental policies in Europe and North America, as the main consumers of HMs at present. Mining and utilisation planning following the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are highly appropriate for the sustainability of the HM industry, and to overcome ecological challenges, health issues, and social resistance towards HM exploitation. Finally, we forecast changes in production and price of three HMs (ilmenite, rutile, and zircon) for the decade from 2020 to 2030, assuming there are no disturbances in production due to external factors such as the Covid-19 global pandemic or unfavourable geopolitical interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12517-022-10874-0.

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Section: Global Distribution Of Hmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Global Distribution Of Hmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals

et al. 2022

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“…Sandy deposits, particularly iron sands, are valued economically, as the minerals they contain can be used in various applications, from magnetite for steel manufacturing ( Brathwaite et al., 2017 ) to ilmenite, rutile, and leucoxene (IRL) for titanium feedstock ( Rozendaal et al., 2017 ) to adsorbents for removing arsenic from water ( Panthi and Wareham, 2011 ). Not surprisingly, studies have identified the quantity and size of iron sand deposits ( Lawton and Hochstein, 1993 ) as well as the mineralogy and chemistry of these sands ( Abdel-Karim et al., 2016 ; Abdel-Karim and Barakat, 2017 ; Ali et al., 2018 ; Tiwow et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic susceptibility and grain size distribution as prospective tools for selective exploration and provenance study of iron sand deposits: A case study from Aceh, Indonesia

Bijaksana

Masrurah

Fajar

2021

Heliyon

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Almost all of the iron sand found in Indonesia, from Sumatra to Papua, is sandy deposit. Despite its variety of minerals, iron sand is commonly mined for low economic uses such as building material. As iron sands from different localities might have different characteristics (grain-size distribution, mineralogy, magnetic properties), such characteristics might in turn be used for provenance study or for selective mining. This study aims to examine iron sand deposits from two geographically close but geologically different regions, Lampanah and Anoi Itam, and to test the grain size distributions and their relationship with magnetic susceptibility as well as Fe content. In both Lampanah and Anoi Itam, the sizes of iron sands were predominantly medium sand (MS) and fine sand (FS), but they differed in mass percentage (M%). Generally, magnetic susceptibility increases as grain size decreases. Fe content is also grain size dependent, with higher Fe content in finer sizes. The results imply that the combination of grain size distribution and magnetic mineral composition might be used not only as a provenance indicator for iron sand deposits, but also as a criterion for selective mining.

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“…Several researchers, Chaudhari et al (1981), Rajmanickam and Gujar (1993), Rao et al (2005), Angusamy and Rajamanickam (2006), Gandhi et al (2008), Ramathan et al(2009), Gayathri et al (2017), and Sajimol et al (2017) carried out systematic granulometric, and heavy mineral studies of the east and west coasts of India [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Outside India also, many studies were conducted on mineralogy, chemistry, and provenance of beach minerals in South China Sea [23], Africa [24], Sri Lanka [25], Egypt [2], and Somaliland coastal areas [10]. Investigation on texture and mineralogy of beach sediments play a prime role in deriving the depositional history of beach regions [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monazite chemistry and its distribution along the coast of Neendakara–Kayamkulam belt, Kerala, India

et al. 2020

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The beach sands along the coasts of India contain large reserves of strategic minerals like ilmenite, monazite, zircon, etc. Monazite mineral is primarily used as an ore for extracting rare earths particularly cerium and lanthanum. In the present study, the chemistry and distribution of monazite found in the beach sands of Neendakara-Kayamkulam belt in Kerala, south India, is studied using advanced techniques and standardized methods. Beach sediments were collected and analyzed for the texture, and mineralogy reveals that the study area contains characteristically fine sand with maximum 98.9% total heavy minerals (THM) content with ilmenite as predominant mineral species. The content of monazite ranges from 0.1 to 1.4%. A combination of unit operations like gravity separation, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation techniques were applied to the beach sand to recover monazite mineral. The data indicate that samples show a maximum yield of about 81% for THM and 0.5% for monazite. The ED-XRF, XRD and SEM-EDS analysis gives reliable results on the chemistry of monazite. The major chemical constituents of monazite mineral like Ce 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 corresponds to 26.658, 13.421 and 23.649%, respectively. The SEM reveals the weathering mechanism, both mechanical and chemical, occurred in monazite mineral. Advanced characterization of monazite mineral will influence positively the efficiency of determining their potential applications.

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The coastal heavy mineral sand deposits of Africa

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals

Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals

Magnetic susceptibility and grain size distribution as prospective tools for selective exploration and provenance study of iron sand deposits: A case study from Aceh, Indonesia

Monazite chemistry and its distribution along the coast of Neendakara–Kayamkulam belt, Kerala, India

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