Monazite chemistry and its distribution along the coast of Neendakara–Kayamkulam belt, Kerala, India

Anitha, J. K.; Joseph, Sabu; Rejith, R. G.; Sundararajan, M.

doi:10.1007/s42452-020-2594-6

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The micrographs of RM revealed that the particles are slightly spherical and elongated to sub-rounded in shape. Moreover, physical fractured features and irregular shaped particles are also observed on the surface of particles of MM-Lab, MS-Lab, MM-PP and MS-PP, respectively [10]. These morphological features clearly reveal that the mechanical process of milling and sieving gave an impact on the surface of monazite particles.…”

Section: Effect Of Particle Size Analysis To the Morphology And Eleme...mentioning

confidence: 76%

Effect of particle size analysis on the physicochemical characterization of Malaysian monazite

Roslan

Hak

Norazumin

2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Rare earth elements (REEs) are the elements that have become extremely important to our world of technology owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, and widely used in advanced technology. Monazite is one of the mineral phosphate that contain a high amount of REEs including thorium and a small amount of uranium. In Malaysia, monazite is exist as by-product (‘amang’) from tin mining originated from Ipoh, Perak. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of the different particles size of raw and ground (milled) monazite on the physicochemical properties. The effectiveness of extraction and separation process of monazite was affected by the size of the particle. Based on the particle size distribution analysis, all the monazite samples were found to be present in the size range of 11-190 μm. The morphological and elemental composition of the monazite mineral have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) integrated with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). The FESEM micrographs of the monazite showed an irregular spherical structures with different sizes. The chemical composition and the mineral phases present in monazite were studied by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (WD-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRF analysis confirmed the presence of the major REEs such as Ce, La and Nd elements in the mineral. XRD analysis also identified (Ce, La, Nd and Th)PO4 as the major phases along with quartz as minor phase. According to the FESEM-EDX and XRF analysis, smaller particle size of monazite gave higher content of REEs compare to raw monazite.

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Section: Effect Of Particle Size Analysis To the Morphology And Eleme...mentioning

confidence: 76%

Effect of particle size analysis on the physicochemical characterization of Malaysian monazite

Roslan

Hak

Norazumin

2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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“…The bulk chemical composition was studied using Pan Analytical Epsilon 3 ED-XRF instrument having Omnion software. ED-XRF technique is used to determine the elemental composition, especially the major oxides range from percentage to ppm level in minerals such as monazite (Anitha et al 2020), sillimanite (Jin et al 2016), garnet, and ilmenite (Sajimol et al 2017). The SEM micrographs were taken using JEOL make model JSM5600 LV.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman-XPS spectroscopy, REE chemistry, and surface morphology of Fe-Ti oxide heavy mineral sands: a case study from Varkala-Kovalam coast, south-west India

Rejith

Sundararajan

Mohamed

et al. 2021

Applied Earth Science

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The beach sands of the Varkala-Kovalam coast, south-west India, are enriched with heavy minerals with a high concentration of ilmenite followed by sillimanite, monazite, rutile, zircon, and garnet. The Fe-Ti oxide minerals such as ilmenite, its altered product leucoxene, and rutile were successfully recovered, and their structure, chemistry, and surface morphology were analysed using advanced characterisation techniques like Raman spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF), High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), UV-Visible-NIR (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS). The chemical composition, surface chemistry, the oxidation state of surface elements, anisotropic crystal behaviour of the minerals due to physical or chemical processes, discrimination of polymorphs, and finally the morphological changes due to mechanical impacts were also analysed. The study provides solid information to the scientific community and policymakers for determining the grade and potential applications of these strategic minerals.

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“…Many modern and paleo-placer deposits occur bordering the Indian Ocean, mainly in coastal and shallow marine environments (Herath 1980 ; Wickremeratne 1986 ; Mallik et al 1987 ; Anitha et al 2020 ). Coastal stretches towards the Central Indian Ocean show the dominant provenance of their HMs.…”

Section: Global Distribution Of Hmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals

et al. 2022

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Heavy minerals (HMs) are used in many high-tech applications (e.g. nuclear reactors, photovoltaic cells, electronics, green, and nano- and space technology), and thus global demand is increasing day by day. This review article is focused on the global distribution, genesis, economic geology, exploration and exploitation, demand (i.e. past, present, and future status of annual global production, consumption, and price), applications (geological and industrial uses), and major environmental issues mostly related to the HM sand industry. Heavy mineral deposits are distributed in more than 45 countries. Major HM deposits are located in Australia, Asia, and Africa, as secondary coastal placers bordering the Indian Ocean. Onshore and offshore deposits in the Americas, Europe, and other countries also contribute to the global HM market. Heavy mineral deposits are categorised as primary (magmatic, hydrothermal, metamorphic) or secondary (weathered, eroded, and transported sediments) deposits. Titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element (REEs) bearing minerals are key industrial commodities in the current global market. The heavy mineral industry has experienced healthy growth in unit price and global production due to increased demand generated by rapidly expanding economies such as those of China and India. Global production of zircon, ilmenite, and rutile has gradually increased over the last few decades. Global apparent consumption of ilmenite declined slightly from 1970 to 1995, in part due to introduction of stringent regulatory measures and government environmental policies in Europe and North America, as the main consumers of HMs at present. Mining and utilisation planning following the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are highly appropriate for the sustainability of the HM industry, and to overcome ecological challenges, health issues, and social resistance towards HM exploitation. Finally, we forecast changes in production and price of three HMs (ilmenite, rutile, and zircon) for the decade from 2020 to 2030, assuming there are no disturbances in production due to external factors such as the Covid-19 global pandemic or unfavourable geopolitical interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12517-022-10874-0.

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Monazite chemistry and its distribution along the coast of Neendakara–Kayamkulam belt, Kerala, India

Cited by 28 publications

References 44 publications

Effect of particle size analysis on the physicochemical characterization of Malaysian monazite

Effect of particle size analysis on the physicochemical characterization of Malaysian monazite

Raman-XPS spectroscopy, REE chemistry, and surface morphology of Fe-Ti oxide heavy mineral sands: a case study from Varkala-Kovalam coast, south-west India

Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals

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