The Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of the Developing Chick as a Medium for the Cultivation and Histopathologic Study of Pathogenic Fungi

Moore, Morris

doi:10.1126/science.89.2318.514

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Chicken embryos as alternative model host for fungal pathogens were already described in 1939 by Moore [16]. Until the late 1970s embryonated eggs were frequently used for research in immunology, virology, bacteriology but also mycology [17], [18], [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Candida albicans Infections in the Alternative Chorio-Allantoic Membrane Chicken Embryo Model Resembles Systemic Murine Infections

et al. 2011

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Alternative models of microbial infections are increasingly used to screen virulence determinants of pathogens. In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of Candida albicans and C. glabrata infections in chicken embryos infected via the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) and analyzed the virulence of deletion mutants. The developing immune system of the host significantly influenced susceptibility: With increasing age, embryos became more resistant and mounted a more balanced immune response, characterized by lower induction of proinflammatory cytokines and increased transcription of regulatory cytokines, suggesting that immunopathology contributes to pathogenesis. While many aspects of the chicken embryo response resembled murine infections, we also observed significant differences: In contrast to systemic infections in mice, IL-10 had a beneficial effect in chicken embryos. IL-22 and IL-17A were only upregulated after the peak mortality in the chicken embryo model occurred; thus, the role of the Th17 response in this model remains unclear. Abscess formation occurs frequently in murine models, whereas the avian response was dominated by granuloma formation. Pathogenicity of the majority of 15 tested C. albicans deletion strains was comparable to the virulence in mouse models and reduced virulence was associated with significantly lower transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. However, fungal burden did not correlate with virulence and for few mutants like bcr1Δ and tec1Δ different outcomes in survival compared to murine infections were observed. C. albicans strains locked in the yeast stage disseminated significantly more often from the CAM into the embryo, supporting the hypothesis that the yeast morphology is responsible for dissemination in systemic infections. These data suggest that the pathogenesis of C. albicans infections in the chicken embryo model resembles systemic murine infections but also differs in some aspects. Despite its limitations, it presents a useful alternative tool to pre-screen C. albicans strains to select strains for subsequent testing in murine models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Candida albicans Infections in the Alternative Chorio-Allantoic Membrane Chicken Embryo Model Resembles Systemic Murine Infections

et al. 2011

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“…Colocalization of BrdU and αSMA was, with a very few exceptions, not observed in PDGF-B-treated CAM (data not shown). Discussion CAM in assessment of growth factors For a long time it has been known that CAM is a suitable site for the grafting of embryonic tissues (Danchakoff 1916;Atterbury 1923;Willier 1924), and to study the effects of viruses, bacteria, and fungi (Woodruff and Goodpasture 1931;Goodpasture and Anderson 1937;Moore 1941). In search for growth factors that may promote vascularization of tumors, CAM has been used in the screening of potential angiogenic factors (Folkman 1974).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platelet-derived growth factor-B induces transformation of fibrocytes into spindle-shaped myofibroblasts in vivo

Kurz

Christ

et al. 1998

Histochemistry and Cell Biology

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has a targeted activity on mesenchymal cells, but the in vivo effects of PDGF are not well understood. We have applied about 3 microg of PDGF-A and PDGF-B on the differentiated chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 13-day-old chick embryos. After 1-3 days, specimens were evaluated macroscopically, histologically with semi- and ultrathin sections, and immunohistologically with antibodies against smooth muscle alpha-actin (alphaSMA), desmin, and fibronectin (FN). Proliferation studies were performed according to the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)/anti-BrdU method. We did not observe effects of PDGF-A. PDGF-B induced proliferation of fibrocytes and their transformation into myofibroblasts. Bundles of spindle-shaped myofibroblasts accumulated beneath the chorionic epithelium. These cells were strongly positive for alphaSMA and FN, but negative for desmin. They possessed a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and bundles of microfilaments anchoring in the cell membrane. Our results suggest that PDGF-B is a "transforming" growth factor with important functions during formation of granulation tissue which are closely comparable to the effects of the PDGF-B-like protein of simian sarcoma virus. PDGF-B also induced vascular alterations in the CAM, which, however, appeared to be a secondary effect. While the intra-chorionic capillaries were lost, an accumulation of small vessels positive for alphaSMA was observed. This indicates a function for PDGF-B during segregation of main vessels from a primary vascular plexus.

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“…It is a logical choice for another important reason-Candida species are natural pathogens of chicks and other birds (Jungherr, 1933;Hinshaw, 1934;Jungherr, 1934;Salisbury, 1949). Historical Moore (1941) studied the effect of a wide range of pathogenic fungi, including Candida albicans, on chick embryos. Meyer and Ordal (1946) found that C. albicans and C. stellatoidea produced severe lesions on the CAM and embryo death.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chick embryo inoculation as a pathogenicity test for Candida species

1971

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The Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of the Developing Chick as a Medium for the Cultivation and Histopathologic Study of Pathogenic Fungi

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Pathogenesis of Candida albicans Infections in the Alternative Chorio-Allantoic Membrane Chicken Embryo Model Resembles Systemic Murine Infections

Pathogenesis of Candida albicans Infections in the Alternative Chorio-Allantoic Membrane Chicken Embryo Model Resembles Systemic Murine Infections

Platelet-derived growth factor-B induces transformation of fibrocytes into spindle-shaped myofibroblasts in vivo

Chick embryo inoculation as a pathogenicity test for Candida species

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