The Cerebellum of Man

Holmes, Gordon

doi:10.1093/brain/62.1.1

Cited by 990 publications

(348 citation statements)

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“…They are also consistent with the classic view that the main symptom associated with cerebellar lesions is the decomposition of movements (Holmes, 1939).…”

Section: Mirror-tracing Task: Integration Of Practiced Movementssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…It should be noted that some researchers (Benecke, Rothwell, Dick, Day, & Marsden, 1987;Canavan, Passingham, Marsden, Quinn, Wyke, & Polkey, 1989;Georgiou, Bradshaw, Iansek, Phillips, Mattingley, & Bradshaw, 1994;Harrington & Haaland, 1991;Stelmach, Worringham, & Strand, 1987;Weiss, Stelmach, & Hefter, 1997;see Dominey & Jeannerod, 1997, for a review) have previously investigated the role of the striatum in the sequencing of movements, by examining the performance of patients with PD who were required to switch between two completely different types of motions such as elbow extension and hand squeeze (Benecke et al, 1987), or were asked to shift from one step in the sequence to the next by changing hand postures (Harrington & Haaland, 1991), in situations where patients had explicit knowledge of the sequence of movements they had to perform. By contrast, in this experiment, the notion first proposed by Flourens (1824), Babinski (1899), and Holmes (1939) that damage to the cerebellum produces a ''decomposition of movements'' was further investigated using a new task that did not require switching between separate movements, but instead measured the patients ability to perform a well-articulated sequence of movements in an implicit fashion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinct Contribution of the Striatum and Cerebellum to Motor Learning

Laforce

Doyon²

2001

Brain and Cognition

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“…They are also consistent with the classic view that the main symptom associated with cerebellar lesions is the decomposition of movements (Holmes, 1939).…”

Section: Mirror-tracing Task: Integration Of Practiced Movementssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Contribution of the Striatum and Cerebellum to Motor Learning

Laforce

Doyon²

2001

Brain and Cognition

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“…It has been proposed that synchronous CS activity may facilitate the timing of muscle activation (Llinás 1991), and damage to the cerebellum or IO leads to a variety of motor symptoms, including action tremors, which may be related to the improperly timed activation of muscles (Adams and Victor 1993;Holmes 1939;Hore et al 1991;Soechting et al 1976). Moreover, the patterns of synchronous CS activity have been shown to change in relation to voluntary movements (Welsh et al 1995).…”

Section: Possible Relevance To Action Tremormentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Myelination in the Development of a Uniform Olivocerebellar Conduction Time

Lang¹,

Rosenbluth

2003

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Lang, Eric J. and Jack Rosenbluth. Role of myelination in the development of a uniform olivocerebellar conduction time. J Neurophysiol 89: 2259 -2270, 2003. First published December 18, 2002 10.1152/jn.00922.2002. Purkinje cells generate simultaneous complex spikes as a result of olivocerebellar activity. This synchronization (to within 1 ms) is thought to result from electrotonic coupling of inferior olivary neurons. However, the distance from the inferior olive (IO) varies across the cerebellar cortex. Thus signals generated simultaneously at the IO should arrive asynchronously across the cerebellar cortex, unless the length differences are compensated for. Previously, it was shown that the conduction time from the IO to the cerebellar cortex remains nearly constant at Ϸ4 ms in the rat, implying the existence of such compensatory mechanisms. Here, we examined the role of myelination in generating a constant olivocerebellar conduction time by investigating the latency of complex spikes evoked by IO stimulation during development in normal rats and myelin-deficient mutants. In normal rats, myelination not only reduced overall olivocerebellar conduction time, but also disproportionately reduced the conduction time to vermal lobules, which had the longest response latencies prior to myelination. The net result was a nearly uniform conduction time. In contrast, in myelin-deficient rats, conduction time differences to different parts of the cerebellum remained during the same developmental period. Thus myelination is the primary factor in generating a uniform olivocerebellar conduction time. To test the importance of a uniform conduction time for generating synchronous complex spike activity, multiple electrode recordings were obtained from normal and myelin-deficient rats. Average synchrony levels were higher in normal rats than mutants. Thus the uniform conduction time achieved through myelination of olivocerebellar fibers appears to be essential for the normal expression of complex spike synchrony. I N T R O D U C T I O NInferior olivary (IO) neurons are electrotonically coupled via numerous gap junctions (Llinás and Yarom 1981;Llinás et al. 1974;Sotelo et al. 1974). Indeed, the density of neuronal gap junctions appears to be higher in the IO than in any other CNS region (Belluardo et al. 2000;Condorelli et al. 1998;De Zeeuw et al. 1995). This coupling allows IO neurons to generate precisely (on a millisecond time scale) synchronized activity that results in simultaneous complex spike (CS) activity in the cerebellum (Lang et al. 1999;Sasaki et al. 1989;Sugihara et al. 1993;Yamamoto et al. 2001).Maintenance of the synchronization present in IO discharges presents a challenge for the olivocerebellar system because the length of the olivocerebellar pathway to different points on the cerebellar cortex varies. In rats, there can be more than a twofold difference in the length of the olivocerebellar projection to different regions of the cortex (Sugihara et al. 1993). To preserve the precise synchronization present at...

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“…A strategy in which the eyes move with a time (or phase) lead over other body movements provides for the oculomotor controller, perhaps by efference copy of its output, to assist the neural centers controlling voluntary limb movements (Hollands and Marple-Horvat, 1996;Miall and Reckess, 2002). Such a beneficial influence is likely established within the cerebellum, which is known to be crucial for motor coordination (Holmes, 1939;Miall et al, 2000Miall et al, , 2001, and hence degrades with cerebellar degeneration (van Donkelaar and Lee, 1994;Crowdy et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Badly Affects Eye Movements Linked to Steering, Providing for Automatic in-Car Detection of Drink Driving

Marple‐Horvat

Cooper

Gilbey

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Driving is a classic example of visually guided behavior in which the eyes move before some other action. When approaching a bend in the road, a driver looks across to the inside of the curve before turning the steering wheel. Eye and steering movements are tightly linked, with the eyes leading, which allows the parts of the brain that move the eyes to assist the parts of the brain that control the hands on the wheel. We show here that this optimal relationship deteriorates with levels of breath alcohol well within the current UK legal limit for driving. The eyes move later, and coordination reduces. These changes lead to bad performance and can be detected by an automated in-car system, which warns the driver is no longer fit to drive.

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The Cerebellum of Man

Cited by 990 publications

References 0 publications

Distinct Contribution of the Striatum and Cerebellum to Motor Learning

Distinct Contribution of the Striatum and Cerebellum to Motor Learning

Role of Myelination in the Development of a Uniform Olivocerebellar Conduction Time

Alcohol Badly Affects Eye Movements Linked to Steering, Providing for Automatic in-Car Detection of Drink Driving

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