Distinct Contribution of the Striatum and Cerebellum to Motor Learning

Laforce, Robert; Doyon, Julien

doi:10.1006/brcg.2000.1237

Cited by 83 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…A recent model makes just such a distinction between using sensory information for contextual switching of internal models versus using the sensory information to learn a new internal model (Wolpert and Kawato 1998). This interpretation is also consistent with recent suggestions that the striatum and cerebellum are involved in context switching (Bischoff-Grethe et al 2002;Houk and Wise 1995;Laforce and Doyon 2001;Peigneux et al 2000). Finally, recent studies have implicated the cerebellum (Desmurget et al 1998(Desmurget et al , 2000 and the basal ganglia (MacAskill et al 2002) in a form of saccadic adaptation, analagous to a gain change, suggesting interesting similarities to our results.…”

Section: Learning a Scaling Factorsupporting

confidence: 94%

Differential Cortical and Subcortical Activations in Learning Rotations and Gains for Reaching: A PET Study

Krakauer

Ghilardi

Mentis

et al. 2004

Journal of Neurophysiology

233

196

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. Differential cortical and subcortical activations in learning rotations and gains for reaching: a PET study. J Neurophysiol 91: 924 -933, 2004. First published October 1, 2003 10.1152/jn.00675.2003. Previous studies suggest that horizontal reaching movements are planned vectorially with independent specification of direction and extent. The transformation from visual to hand-centered coordinates requires the learning of a task-specific reference frame and scaling factor. We studied learning of a novel reference frame by imposing a screencursor rotation and learning of a scaling factor by imposing a novel gain. Previous work demonstrates that rotation and gain learning have different time courses and patterns of generalization. Here we used PET to identify and compare brain areas activated during rotation and gain learning, with a baseline motor-execution task as the subtracted control. Previous work has shown that the time courses of rotation and gain adaptation have a short rapid phase followed by a longer slow phase. We therefore also sought to compare activations associated with the rapid and slower phases of adaptation. We isolated the rapid phase by alternating opposite values of the rotation or gain every 16 movements. The rapid phase of rotation adaptation activated the preSMA. More complete adaptation to the rotation activated right ventral premotor cortex, right posterior parietal cortex, and the left lateral cerebellum. The rapid phase of gain learning only activated subcortical structures: bilateral putamen and left cerebellum. More complete gain learning failed to show any significant activation. We conclude that the time course of rotation adaptation is paralleled by a frontoparietal shift in activated cortical regions. In contrast, early gain adaptation involves only subcortical structures, which we suggest reflects a more automatic process of contextual recalibration of a scaling factor.

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Section: Learning a Scaling Factorsupporting

confidence: 94%

Differential Cortical and Subcortical Activations in Learning Rotations and Gains for Reaching: A PET Study

Krakauer

Ghilardi

Mentis

et al. 2004

Journal of Neurophysiology

233

196

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…While these subjects are not able to express learning by decreasing their response times, they are able to transfer learning from the trained to the untrained hand. Although PD patients have been shown to be impaired at other types of procedural learning (Krebs et al, 2001;Laforce & Doyon, 2001), our findings suggest that the basal ganglia are not sufficiently damaged in mild to moderate PD to prevent implicit sequence learning, and thus this is not likely to be an important factor in the manifestation of the motor syndrome associated with the disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Selective impairments in implicit learning in Parkinson's disease

2007

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The basal ganglia are thought to participate in implicit sequence learning. However, the exact nature of this role has been difficult to determine in light of the conflicting evidence on implicit learning in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD). We examined the performance of PD subjects using a modified form of the serial reaction time task, which ensured that learning remained implicit. Subjects with predominantly right-sided symptoms were trained on a 12-element sequence using the right hand. Although there was no evidence of sequence learning on the basis of response time savings, the subjects showed knowledge of the sequence when performance was assessed in terms of the number of errors made. This effect transferred to the left (untrained) hand as well. Thus, these data demonstrate that PD patients are not impaired at implicitly learning sequential order, but rather at the translation of sequence knowledge into rapid motor performance. Furthermore, the results suggest that the basal ganglia are not essential for implicit sequence learning in PD.

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“…Hypoglycemic groups showed more imbalances in grid walk test compared to hyperglycemic group. Striatal neurons in association with cerebellar innervations executes planning and coordination of motor action as reported by Laforce and Doyon (2001). Mutilation of the striatal responses under the conditions of hypoglycemia are reported by Koizumi et al (1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Decreased Cholinergic Receptor Expression in the Striatum: Motor Function Deficit in Hypoglycemic and Diabetic Rats

et al. 2011

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Hypoglycemic brain injury is a common and serious complication of insulin therapy associated with diabetes. This study evaluated the effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia and STZ-induced diabetes on striatal cholinergic receptors and enzyme expression and on motor function. Cholinergic enzymes: AChE and ChAT gene expression, radioreceptor binding assay and immunohistochemistry of muscarinic M1, M3 receptors and α7nAChR were carried out. Motor performance on grid walk test was analysed. AChE and ChAT expression significantly downregulated in hypoglycemic and diabetic rats. Total muscarinic and Muscarinic M3 receptor binding decreased in hypoglycemic rats compared to diabetic rats whereas muscarinic M1 receptor binding increased in hypoglycemic rats compared to diabetic rats. Real-time PCR analysis and confocal imaging of muscarinic M1, M3 receptors confirmed the changes in muscarinic receptor binding in hypoglycemic and diabetic rats. In hypoglycemic rats, α7nAChR expression significantly up regulated compared to diabetic rats. Grid walk test demonstrated the impairment in motor function and coordination in hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats. Neurochemical changes along with the behavioral data implicate a role for impaired striatal cholinergic receptor function inducing motor function deficit induced by hypo and hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia exacerbated the neurobehavioral deficit in diabetes which has clinical significance in the treatment of diabetes.

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Distinct Contribution of the Striatum and Cerebellum to Motor Learning

Cited by 83 publications

References 76 publications

Differential Cortical and Subcortical Activations in Learning Rotations and Gains for Reaching: A PET Study

Differential Cortical and Subcortical Activations in Learning Rotations and Gains for Reaching: A PET Study

Selective impairments in implicit learning in Parkinson's disease

Decreased Cholinergic Receptor Expression in the Striatum: Motor Function Deficit in Hypoglycemic and Diabetic Rats

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