The Cattle Trypanosomiases: Some Considerations of Pathology and Immunity

Fiennes, Richard N. T.-W.

doi:10.1080/00034983.1950.11685428

Cited by 37 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…It could also result from the direct intervention of parasites outside the main blood vessels, i.e. in the tissues [45]. In fact, it has been suggested that parasites in tissue foci may actually be the cause of disease signs and pathology [127].…”

Section: Advantages Of Tissue Tropism For the Parasitementioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue tropism in parasitic diseases

et al. 2019

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Parasitic diseases, such as sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and malaria, remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but particularly in tropical, developing countries. Controlling these diseases requires a better understanding of host–parasite interactions, including a deep appreciation of parasite distribution in the host. The preferred accumulation of parasites in some tissues of the host has been known for many years, but recent technical advances have allowed a more systematic analysis and quantifications of such tissue tropisms. The functional consequences of tissue tropism remain poorly studied, although it has been associated with important aspects of disease, including transmission enhancement, treatment failure, relapse and clinical outcome. Here, we discuss current knowledge of tissue tropism in Trypanosoma infections in mammals, describe potential mechanisms of tissue entry, comparatively discuss relevant findings from other parasitology fields where tissue tropism has been extensively investigated, and reflect on new questions raised by recent discoveries and their potential impact on clinical treatment and disease control strategies.

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Section: Advantages Of Tissue Tropism For the Parasitementioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue tropism in parasitic diseases

et al. 2019

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“…This review raises questions about the traditional classification of T. vivax as a completely intravascular parasite since some investigators found the organism extravascularly in lymph (44), in the heart (22,153,154), and in lymphatic tissue and pituitary (51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…vivax is traditionally classified as an intravascular parasite (109) and was not found extravascularly (10). However, extravascular T. vivax was found in the lymphatic glands and pituitary but not in other organs in one study (51), and recently the organism was found in lymph (44). It was also found extravascularly in association with myocarditis (22, 153, 154).…”

Section: His Topathologymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In East Africa, T. wiwax is thought to be less important and less virulent than T. congolense in cattle (51, 75, 161), but acute disease caused by T. wiwax has frequently been reported (51,75,76,120,161). In some locations T. vivax was found to be either the prevalent species (119) or was the only species involved in a serious outbreak of bovine trypanosomiasis (120).…”

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Diseases produced by Trypanosoma vivax in Ruminants, Horses and Rodents

Anosa

1983

Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B

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Summary The economic importance, incidence, epizootiology, diagnosis and treatment, as well as the clinical and pathological features of the diseases produced in ruminants, horses and rodents by Trypanosoma vivax, are reviewed. T. vivax is considered to be the most important trypanosome species affecting livestock, and is widely distributed in West Africa, East Africa, as well as in other areas where it exists in the absence of its traditional vector, Glossina, e.g. South America and Mauritius. A total of 164 references are cited. Zusammenfassung Krankheiten bei Wiederkäuern, Pferden und Nagern, die durch Trypanosoma vivax hervorgerufen werden Sowohl die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, Vorkommen, Epizootiologie, Diagnose und Behandlung als auch die klinischen und pathologischen Merkmale der Krankheiten, verursacht durch Trypanosoma vivax bei Wiederkäuern, Pferden und Nagern, werden besprochen. Trypanosoma vivax wird als die wichtigste Spezies angesehen, die den Tierbestand befällt, und sie ist weit verbreitet sowohl in West‐ und Ost‐Afrika als auch in anderen Gebieten, wo sie ohne ihren traditionellen Überträger, Glossina, vorkommt, z. B. in Südamerika und Mauritius. Es werden insgesamt 164 Literaturstellen zitiert. Resumen Las enfermedades producidas por Trypanosoma vivax en rumiantes, caballos y roedores Se describen la importancia económica, incidencia, epizootología, diagnóstico y tratamiento, además los aspectos de las enfermedades ocasionadas por Trypanosoma vivax en rumiantes, caballos y roedores. Trypanosoma vivax se considera como la especie más importante que afecta a la ganadería; su distribución es amplia, tanto por el Africa Occidental y el Oriental como también en otras áreas, donde existe en la ausencia de su vector tradicional, Glossina, por ej. en América del Sur y en Mauricio. Se aportan 164 citas bibliográficas.

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“…Trypanosomes do contain antigens and it is likely that immune responses are associated with the pathology of chronic infections. Fiennes (1950) suggested that in relapsing T. congolense infection in cattle, the massive destruction of trypanosomes at each crisis might sensitize the animal to dead trypanosome protein and, at each crisis except the first, anaphylactic shock might be induced. It was also suggested that trypanosome protein could act as an allergen, sensitizing vascular endothelial cells and causing them, on activation, to disintegrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

VASCULAR LESIONS IN RABBITS INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA (TRYPANOZOON) BRUCEI

Goodwin

Hook

1968

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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When a rabbit is inoculated with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei usually only a few parasites appear in the circulating blood. Nevertheless, 3 to 5 weeks after inoculation the animal becomes listless, the fur staring, and the ears pale, thick and heavy. The tissues around the eyes are swollen, and scabby necrotic lesions appear in the skin of the face, ears and scrotum. The animal dies several weeks after inoculation and the cause of death is unknown.This paper describes some observations on the circulation in the ears and muscles of normal and infected rabbits and an attempt is made to explain the vascular changes which accompany chronic trypanosome infection. METHODS Infection of rabbitsTrypanosomes (T.(T.) brucei, strain Tororo 427) were passaged in mice. The blood of an infected mouse was diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.8) and then injected subcutaneously into male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.5-3.5 kg. Each rabbit received a volume of blood containing 107 trypanosomes and the animals were housed at 230 C. A naesthesiaBetween 4 and 5 weeks after inoculation with strain 427, when the animals showed signs of the infection, they were anaesthetized with halothane. A tracheal tube was inserted and anaesthesia maintained with N20 (20%), 02 (80%) and halothane (0.5-2.5%). The flow rate was 2.5 1./min. A few of the early experiments were carried out under intravenous pentobarbitone anaesthesia. A ngiographyContrast medium and drugs were introduced into the arterial system of the rabbit's ear through a plastic cannula tied into the right common carotid, the right mandibular or the right subclavian artery. A cannula passed caudally through the left carotid artery into the aortic arch was also tried. The contrast medium, sodium iothalamate (May & Baker) or sodium metrizoate (Glaxo), was injected rapidly through the cannula using either a manually operated syringe or a Cordis injector (pressure: 90 lb./sq. in.). The quantity of contrast medium required depended on the closeness of the cannula to the auricular artery, 2 ml. being sufficient for injection into the mandibular, 3 ml. for injection into the carotid and 8 ml. for injection into the subclavian artery. Radiographs of the ear were taken using a 0.1 mm focus X-ray tube (Rank Medical). Single pictures were usually taken on completion of the injection using industrial film (Gevaert Structurix) but in some experiments eight pictures were taken at intervals of 0.5 sec using a Schonander Serial changer and standard X-ray film (Ilford).R

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The Cattle Trypanosomiases: Some Considerations of Pathology and Immunity

Cited by 37 publications

References 9 publications

Tissue tropism in parasitic diseases

Tissue tropism in parasitic diseases

Diseases produced by Trypanosoma vivax in Ruminants, Horses and Rodents

VASCULAR LESIONS IN RABBITS INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA (TRYPANOZOON) BRUCEI

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