The Brussels Effect

Bradford, Anu

doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001

Cited by 431 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…The literature on international regulatory competition has developed a general theory that the EU has de facto expanded some of its strict regulatory laws beyond its borders through a combination of market mechanisms and unilateral regulatory globalization. European privacy law is one example of the Brussels effect, according to Bradford (2012Bradford ( , 2020, in addition to European antitrust, consumer health and environmental law (see also Goldstein andWu, 2006 andSchwartz, 2019). Our study offers one of the first empirical explorations of this argument in European privacy law.…”

Section: 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

European Privacy Law and Global Markets for Data

et al. 2020

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We demonstrate how privacy law interacts with competition and trade policy in the context of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). We follow more than 110,000 websites for 18 months to show that websites reduced their connections to web technology providers after the GDPR became effective, especially regarding requests involving personal data. This also holds for websites catering to non-EU audiences and therefore not bound by the GDPR. We further document an increase in market concentration in web technology services after the introduction of the GDPR. While most firms lose market share, the leading firm, Google, significantly increases market share.We highlight four key findings. First, websites have reduced the number of third-party domains that they request in the short-run after the GDPR, but the general upward trend is not changed much.However, when looking into a specific type of request -cookies -we find that websites' use of thirdparty technologies that interact with consumers' privacy has changed effectively with the GDPR. We observe a sustained decrease in third-party cookies and a sustained increase in first-party cookies.

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Section: 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

European Privacy Law and Global Markets for Data

et al. 2020

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“…A first example is 'territorial extension' where the EU tries to impose EU law on activities that are happening abroad (Scott 2013). Secondly, Bradford (2012) discusses the normative power of the EU at the global level, also called 'The Brussels Effect'. Thirdly, the EU can actively try to impose its norms on third countries (Lenz 2012) or, by contrast, third countries can voluntarily adopt the EU's institutional model (Jetschke and Murray 2012).…”

Section: Legal and Political Relevance Of Mobility Partnerships For Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversed Conditionality in EU External Migration Policy: The Case of Morocco

Tittel-Mosser

2018

JCER

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Mobility partnerships between the European Union (EU) and third countries are usually viewed as reflecting asymmetric power relations where development aid, trade relations and visa policies are made conditional upon the cooperation by third countries with an EU agenda of migration control. Drawing on Cassarino's notion of 'reversed conditionality', this article advocates a more balanced view of EU-third country relations and argues that mobility partnerships are also instrumentalised as part of the domestic agendas of third countries. The argument is illustrated by an analysis of the case of EU-Morocco relations with a specific focus on the National Strategy for Immigration and Asylum in Morocco. The analysis illustrates how soft law instruments such as mobility partnerships have significant legal and political implications for third countries and can provide important external support for the development and implementation of national political priorities.

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“…22 The legal dimension of this soft power and its impact is viewed as a rising phenomenon. 23 Third countries, parties and actors are affected by the global reach of EU law. 24 From EU animal welfare law, financial and banking legislation, EU Competition law, EU Environmental law to data protection, there is an asserted rise in the adoption of EU law beyond its borders, known as 'The Brussels Effects'.…”

Section: (Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Dimension of the EU’s AFSJ: On Internal Transparency and External Practice

Fahey

2018

SSRN Journal

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The 'global' forms an increasingly regular, active and explicit part of the daily business of the EU. The paper argues that there is a specific mismatch between the commitment to transparency on a daily level in international and external fields and practices of EU law and the actual substantive law-making practice evolving. While the EU's vision of the global is to a degree the most transparent ever, the converse is not necessarily the case as to its legal content. The global dimension to EU law has increasingly expansive subjects and objectives, in areas of existing strength in global actorness (e.g. trade) and in more evolving competences (e.g. security). It argues that while the EU is a significant soft power in trade, it is arguably less so in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) where its global reach becomes more challenging. The relative weakness of the EU's global approach in the AFSJ is usually or acutely felt by individuals who face challenges in seeking redress increasingly as to aspects of transparency. The paper argues that there is a significant mismatch of internal transparency practices concerning the EU's global lawmaking. Ultimately, mismatches between internal procedures and external law-making as to transparency operate adversely upon the global in a variety of ways, e.g. as to transparency and clarity, good administration and territoriality claims taken by individuals. It outlines the express approach to the global in EU policy in (i) migration (ii) passenger name records and the non-express approach to the 'global' in EU data protection and data transfers.

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The Brussels Effect

Cited by 431 publications

References 0 publications

European Privacy Law and Global Markets for Data

European Privacy Law and Global Markets for Data

Reversed Conditionality in EU External Migration Policy: The Case of Morocco

The Global Dimension of the EU’s AFSJ: On Internal Transparency and External Practice

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