The Bone Extracellular Matrix in Bone Formation and Regeneration

Abstract

Bone regeneration repairs bone tissue lost due to trauma, fractures, and tumors, or absent due to congenital disorders. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate dynamic bio-environment with precisely regulated mechanical and biochemical properties. In bone, ECMs are involved in regulating cell adhesion, proliferation, and responses to growth factors, differentiation, and ultimately, the functional characteristics of the mature bone. Bone ECM can induce the production of new bone by osteoblast-lineage cells, such as MSCs, osteoblasts, and osteocytes and the absorption of bone by osteoclasts. With the rapid development of bone regenerative medicine, the osteoinductive, osteoconductive, and osteogenic potential of ECM-based scaffolds has attracted increasing attention. ECM-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering can be divided into two types, that is, ECM-modified biomaterial scaffold and decellularized ECM scaffold. Tissue engineering strategies that utilize the functional ECM are superior at guiding the formation of specific tissues at the implantation site. In this review, we provide an overview of the function of various types of bone ECMs in bone tissue and their regulation roles in the behaviors of osteoblast-lineage cells and osteoclasts. We also summarize the application of bone ECM in bone repair and regeneration. A better understanding of the role of bone ECM in guiding cellular behavior and tissue function is essential for its future applications in bone repair and regenerative medicine.

Gold Nanoparticles Promote the Bone Regeneration of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell Sheets Through Activation of Autophagy

“…In addition, 45-nm AuNPs promoted greater expression of bone-specific matrix proteins (OPG, OPN, and OCN) ( Figure 6), which were highly expressed by osteoblasts and osteocytes. 37 All these results indicated that AuNPs, especially 45-nm AuNPs, could enhance osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization. However, it cannot be denied that there are differences between ectopic and orthotopic models, and further well-designed experiments in alveolar bone-defect models are needed to verify the osteogenic effects of AuNPs on PDLSC sheets.…”

“…COL1 is the most abundant protein in the ECM and acts as a scaffold for anchoring and distributing cells. 37 OPN is a major regulator of ECM mineralization and bone formation. 37 COL1 and OPN, these two ECM proteins fulfill the bone formation.…”

Advances in Growth Factor Delivery for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Collagen is the most studied natural polymer for bone tissue engineering scaffolds, as this biopolymer integrates about 90 wt.% of natural bone ECM proteins [ 73 ]. Collagen can actively facilitate the osteogenic process of bone progenitor cells through a series of alpha–beta integrin receptor interactions and, as a result, can promote bone mineralization and cell growth [ 50 ].…”

The Role of MicroRNAs in Bone Metabolism and Disease

“…Biglycan (Bgn) is a class I small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) that is expressed during cell proliferation and mineralization. By regulating TGF- β , Bgn plays an important role in survival as well as in the growth of BMSCs [ 67 ]. It was shown that knockout (KO) of miR-185 could increase the osteogenesis in primary osteoblasts collected from miR-185-KO mice as well as improved bone volume in KO mice.…”