The BMP signaling and its Smads in mandibular distraction osteogenesis

Abstract

The enhanced expression of BMPs and its Smads during distraction compared to the non-distracted group suggests the possible role of BMP signaling pathway in translation of mechanical forces into biological results during DO.

Experimental model of distraction osteogenesis in edentulous rats

“…29 We chose to use residual ridge bone since, in addition to obtaining a greater volume of bone to work with, it is a functional bone with a higher remodeling rate than other types of bone. 30 Other authors performed distraction in the mandibular ramus of the rat; 18 it must be pointed out, however, that this is a very thin part of the mandible, making it difficult not only to perform osteotomy during surgery, place the distraction device, and later activate the device, but also to obtain properly oriented histological sections. Furthermore, because the secondary condylar and coronoid growth cartilages are located in the mandibular ramus, it presents two types of ossification: membranous ossification in some areas and endochondral ossification in the coronoid apophysis and mandibular condyle.…”

“…10 Although there are reports on experimental models in membranous bone of different animals, including dog, 11 pig, 12 rabbit mandibles, [13][14][15] and sheep maxillae, 16,17 comparison and interpretation of data is complex on account of the variations among studies regarding species, the protocol employed, and the anatomical site studied. 18 Experimental models in rats present a series of advantages since the need to use larger animals is avoided, the cost of maintenance is lower, the experimental time points are shorter, and a larger number of animals can be employed. To date, experimental models of endochondral bone DO in rats have used devices designed to fit the tibia, 6,7 and those reporting membranous bone DO have employed distraction devices designed to fit rat cranium 19 or dentate mandible.…”

“…To date, experimental models of endochondral bone DO in rats have used devices designed to fit the tibia, 6,7 and those reporting membranous bone DO have employed distraction devices designed to fit rat cranium 19 or dentate mandible. 18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Rat mandible Mandibular bone is of ectomesenchymal origin and forms mainly through membranous ossification, with some portions of hyaline cartilage that will participate in secondary growth and which will later be replaced with bone formed by endochondral ossification. Thus, the mandible possesses distinctive features in different regions, which must be taken into account when selecting the site to apply a distraction osteogenesis device.…”

BMP4 localization and PCNA expression during distraction osteogenesis of the porcine mandible

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11] Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4), a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) superfamily, initiates osseous healing by promoting the migration of osteoprogenitor cells and stimulating their proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. 12,13 Transitory increases in BMP4 expression and cellular proliferation are observed in response to bone fracture.…”

Involvement of BMPs/Smad Signaling Pathway in Mechanical Response in Osteoblasts

“…The role of BMPs/Smad signaling pathway in distraction osteogenesis and fracture nonunions has been reported in several studies [41][42][43][44]. However, it is not very clear whether this pathway is involved in osteoblasts' mechanical response.…”