The Availability of Critical Minerals for China’s Renewable Energy Development: An Analysis of Physical Supply

Wang, Jianliang; Yang, Liang Emlyn; Lin, Jingli; Bentley, Yongmei

doi:10.1007/s11053-020-09615-5

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 54 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our study corroborates previous research on global rare earth production using the curve-fitting model and the Richards method, as presented by Wang [17]. It suggests an upward trend in global rare earth production, particularly from 2024 to 2050.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Studysupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Consequently, it is highly likely that the long-term production trajectory for these resources initially increases [74]. Several models have been used to analyze the long-term production of minerals, such as the bell-shaped pattern commonly used to predict fossil fuel production and applied to understand the production behavior of various non-fossil fuel minerals [17]. For instance, Vikström [75] utilized logistic and Gompertz models to predict global lithium production, while Walan [76] employed the same models to study phosphate rock production based on reserve estimates in Morocco.…”

Section: Theoretical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the literature review, it is identified that there is only one study that analyzes the long-term production of rare earths worldwide using quantitative methods [17]. In addition, there are three studies that present the long-term production trajectory of China's rare earths [41,49,77].…”

Section: Limitations and Future Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cerium was the first REE to be isolated [15] in the 19th century, followed by the extraction of all naturally occurring REEs, concluding with the discovery of promethium in 1947, encapsulating over 150 years of exploration [16]. At the beginning of the 20th century, global annual REE production and consumption were below 5000 tons, with limited integration into daily life until the 1960s [17]. the 1960s saw a transformative in production and consumption, exceeding 75 thousand tons [18], driven by applications in everyday items and technological advancements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Predicting the Production and Depletion of Rare Earth Elements and Their Influence on Energy Sector Sustainability through the Utilization of Multilevel Linear Prediction Mixed-Effects Models with R Software

El Azhari,

Cherif,

El Halimi

et al. 2024

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For many years, rare earth elements (REEs) have been part of a wide range of applications (from cell phones and batteries to electric vehicles and wind turbines) needed for daily life all over the world. Moreover, they are often declared to be part of “green technology”. Therefore, the data obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) on the reserve and production of rare earth elements underwent treatment using the multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) algorithm to recover missing data. Initially, a simple linear regression model was chosen, which only considered fixed effects (β) and ignored random effects (Ui). However, recognizing the importance of accounting for random effects, the study subsequently employed the multilevel Linear Mixed-Effects (LME) model. This model allows for the simultaneous estimation of both fixed effects and random effects, followed by the estimation of variance parameters (γ, ρ, and σ2). The study demonstrated that the adjusted values closely align with the actual values, as indicated by the p-values being less than 0.05. Moreover, this model effectively captures the sample’s error, fixed, and random components. Also, in this range, the findings indicated two standard deviation measurements for fixed and random effects, along with a variance measurement, which exhibits significant predictive capabilities. Furthermore, within this timeframe, the study provided predictions for world reserves of rare earth elements in various countries until 2053, as well as world production forecasts through 2051. Notably, China is expected to maintain its dominant position in both reserve and production, with an estimated production volume of 101,985.246 tons, followed by the USA with a production volume of 15,850.642 tons. This study also highlights the periodic nature of production, with a specific scale, as well as periodicity in reserve. These insights can be utilized to define and quantify sustainability and to mitigate environmental hazards associated with the use of rare earth materials in the energy industry. Additionally, they can aid in making informed decisions regarding at-risk rare earth reserves, considering potential future trends in electric vehicle (EV) production up to the year 2050.

show abstract

Section: Limitations and Future Studysupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Theoretical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Limitations and Future Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Predicting the Production and Depletion of Rare Earth Elements and Their Influence on Energy Sector Sustainability through the Utilization of Multilevel Linear Prediction Mixed-Effects Models with R Software

El Azhari,

Cherif,

El Halimi

et al. 2024

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Mining has been considered an inherently high-risk industry worldwide, and China is the world's largest producer and consumer of coal (Zhang et al 2021a , b ; Liu et al 2022 ; Wang et al 2020 ). According to the National Bureau of Statistics in 2021, the raw coal production of China was 4.13 billion tons, which has an increase of 5.7% over the previous year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of coal resources in China and statistical analysis and preventive measures for coal mine accidents

Zhang

Wang

Chen

et al. 2023

Int J Coal Sci Technol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the process of green and smart mine construction under the context of carbon neutrality, China's coal safety situation has been continuously improved in recent years. In order to recognize the development of coal production in China and prepare for future monitoring and prevention of safety incidents, this study mainly elaborated on the basic situation of coal resources and national mining accidents over the past five years (2017–2021), from four dimensions (accident level, type, region, and time), and then proposed the preventive measures based on accident statistical laws. The results show that the storage of coal resources has obvious geographic characteristics, mainly concentrated in the Midwest, with coal resources in Shanxi and Shaanxi accounting for about 49.4%. The proportion of coal consumption has dropped from 70.2% to 56% between 2011 and 2021, but still accounts for more than half of the all. Meanwhile, the accident-prone areas are positively correlated with the amount of coal production. Among different levels of coal mine accidents, general accidents had the highest number of accidents and deaths, with 692 accidents and 783 deaths, accounting for 87.6% and 54.64% respectively. The frequency of roof, gas, and transportation accidents is relatively high, and the number of single fatalities caused by gas accidents is the largest, about 4.18. In terms of geographical distribution of accidents, the safety situation in Shanxi Province is the most severe. From the time distribution of coal mine accidents, the accidents mainly occurred in July and August, and rarely occurred in February and December. Finally, the "4 + 4" safety management model is proposed, combining the statistical results with coal production in China. Based on the existing health and safety management systems, the managements are divided into four sub-categories, and more specific measures are suggested.

show abstract

Evaluating metal constraints for photovoltaics: Perspectives from China’s PV development

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Availability of Critical Minerals for China’s Renewable Energy Development: An Analysis of Physical Supply

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

Predicting the Production and Depletion of Rare Earth Elements and Their Influence on Energy Sector Sustainability through the Utilization of Multilevel Linear Prediction Mixed-Effects Models with R Software

Predicting the Production and Depletion of Rare Earth Elements and Their Influence on Energy Sector Sustainability through the Utilization of Multilevel Linear Prediction Mixed-Effects Models with R Software

Characteristics of coal resources in China and statistical analysis and preventive measures for coal mine accidents

Evaluating metal constraints for photovoltaics: Perspectives from China’s PV development

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About