Evaluating metal constraints for photovoltaics: Perspectives from China’s PV development

Ren, Kaipeng; Tang, Xu; Höök, Mikael

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116148

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Interesting views and lessons can be learned from those experiences and legislation. China has a challenge but also a great opportunity to become a world power in PV module recycling (7,29), involving the government, scientists, and stakeholders (30). In solar cells, silicon is the most widely metalloid used by several orders of magnitude and is irreplaceable in PV deployment, which demand could reach up to nearly 9% of the annual domestic production.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another alternative, which seems pleasurable is the extension of PV modules' It is likely that PV modules will increase their lifespan, reducing considerably their metal intensity in the long term. K. Ren et al showed that by extending the PV modules' lifespan from 25 years to 30 years, a reduction of 19-24% can be achieved in the cumulative metal demand (7). On the other hand, the increase in PV modules' lifespan could be counterproductive as robust designs could make separation and liberating materials from EoL PV modules more challenging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Achieving energy transformation: Metal intensity for the development of China's photovoltaic roadmap towards 2060

Gómez

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The target to achieve carbon neutrality is to enforce explosive growth of the global solar photovoltaic (PV) industry. This may involve severe resource constraints to meet their future metal demands. Herein, we consider different scenarios for the latest Chinese solar PV roadmaps and mature photovoltaic sub-technologies that may dominate. We estimate metal intensities, supply material risks, end-of-life photovoltaic modules, energy intensity, and costs associated with deploying PV panels and analyze dynamic processes from 2000 to 2060. Results show that the strength of metals varies widely between scenarios and dominant sub-technologies, ranging from 30% to 1300%. Annual supply pressures suggest metal demand will be challenging, peaking in 2040-2045. According to priorities, domestic production of gallium, tellurium, indium, selenium, and silver is likely in short supply in 2020, while production of aluminum, copper, tin, and silicon is under moderate supply pressure, suggesting that China could be at risk of missing out on its future PV roadmaps. To mitigate future demand for metals and assess future energy security, efforts should be made to implement regulations, policies, and investments in circular economy strategies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving energy transformation: Metal intensity for the development of China's photovoltaic roadmap towards 2060

Gómez

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Dye-sensitized solar cell and PERC single crystal solar cell. Also, in the future after 2020, high efficiency cell technologies such as silicon [22,[25][26][27] heterojunction (SHJ) with higher use of Ag will be more economically competitive in Europe and China in the future.…”

Section: -2010mentioning

confidence: 99%

PV industry in China and three Southeast Asia countries: A systematic literature review using PRISMA

Rambey

Setiawan

Madsuha

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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One form of renewable energy utilization that has been recognized as environmentally friendly and helps maintain world carbon emissions is Photovoltaic (PV), where global energy companies are starting to move towards PV investment. This study highlights the PV industry condition in China as a giant country in producing PV and three South-East Asia states. Systematic literature review with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) is used as the methodology for collecting data. PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator Group, Outcome or Endpoint, Study Design) is used as an approach method for forming questions in searching for data sources. PRISMA diagrams are formulated in a hierarchical form to select potential sources of literature. Finally, this study uses 71 literatures from China, 5 literatures from Indonesia, 9 literatures from Malaysia, and 4 literatures from Vietnam. This finding indicates that with abundant literature discusses China’s PV industry, their PV industry is more advanced compared to three South-East Asia countries, which they are still lack understanding and knowledge of PV especially its industry and their aim for PV industry is still unclear.

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“…Since 2015, China has become the nation with the greatest installed capacity of PV. In 2016, global polysilicon production continued to rise with an increase of 12.6% from 2014 (China produces 48.5% of the world's total amount), similarly to PV modules production, with an increase of 15.4% [32,33].…”

Section: Photovoltaic Energy Generatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting: Technical, Economic, and Social Viability Analysis Based on a Case Study

Orejón-Sánchez¹,

Díaz²,

Calderón³

2021

Sustainability

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This paper analyzes the technical and economic viability and sustainability of urban street lighting installation projects using equipment powered by photovoltaic (PV) energy. First, a description of the state-of-the-art of the technology is performed, studying the components involved in solar LED luminaires for street lighting application and examples of autonomous PV systems installed in different countries. Later, a case study a based on a renovation project of the street lighting installation at a 5000-inhabitant municipality in Lanzarote (Spain) is presented. Two alternatives are analyzed: underground channeling of the previous aerial electrical grid and the installation of LED luminaires, and, on the other hand, the installation of autonomous LED solar luminaires. Simulations concluded that a PV lighting installation proposal guarantees the existing M3 lighting requirements (EN 13201-2:2015) and represents a saving in the material execution budget of 43.78% with respect to the channeled power grid option. Finally, a statistical study has been carried out to assess the social acceptance of Spanish citizens of this autonomous PV technology in urban environments. This considers strengths and weakness of the technology: sustainability, robustness, visual impact, or risk of vandalism. In general, most subjects of all age segments are aware of the problem that means having aerial wiring running at facades (95%) and considers the use of PV in urban lighting sustainable (88%). However, 47% of those surveyed consider that shutdowns due to lack of energy harvesting is problematic and 17% consider this very problematic. This major drawback (visual impact of PV equipment is mostly evaluated as neutral) gives rise to social reluctance, especially in people younger than 50 who remarked this as more problematic than senior segments. Thus, guaranteed operational service is fundamental to have social agreement for PV technology implementation.

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Evaluating metal constraints for photovoltaics: Perspectives from China’s PV development

Cited by 28 publications

References 59 publications

Achieving energy transformation: Metal intensity for the development of China's photovoltaic roadmap towards 2060

Achieving energy transformation: Metal intensity for the development of China's photovoltaic roadmap towards 2060

PV industry in China and three Southeast Asia countries: A systematic literature review using PRISMA

Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting: Technical, Economic, and Social Viability Analysis Based on a Case Study

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