The Association of Thyroid Nodules with Metabolic Status: A Cross-Sectional SPECT-China Study

Abstract

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the association of thyroid nodules (TNs) and their ultrasound (US) characteristics related to malignancy with metabolic status. Methods The data were obtained from a cross-sectional study (SPECT-China, 2014-2015). The study included 9898 participants older than 18 years. Participants underwent several checkups, which included the measurement of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, TSH levels, glucose, and lipid profiles. TN and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were diagnosed by US. TN US characteristics, including microcalcification and a taller-than-wide shape, were recorded. Results Participants with TN [TN(+)] had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Met-S), obesity, central obesity, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hypertension, and NAFLD, especially women (all P ≤ 0.001). After full adjustment, logistic regression analysis indicated that metabolic syndrome, obesity, central obesity, and hyperlipidaemia were all independent risk factors for the increased prevalence of TN in both genders (P < 0.05). In terms of TN US imaging characteristics associated with malignancy, being female with obesity, central obesity, and NAFLD had 1.91-fold, 2.09-fold, and 1.75-fold increased risks of developing a taller-than-wide nodule (P = 0.014, 0.004, and 0.027, resp.). Conclusions The status of metabolic disorders might be associated with higher risks of TN in both genders. In women, obesity, central obesity, and NAFLD might contribute to the development of a taller-than-wide nodule. The potential role of metabolic status in the pathogenesis of the thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer remains to be elucidated.

Monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the presence and size of thyroid nodule irrespective of the gender

“…In this study, the prevalence of TN was 55.1% among females and 44% among males, which is consistent with those of many previous studies [12,13]. TN are closely related to components of the metabolic syndrome such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia [14,15]. Therefore, not surprisingly, the TN group also had higher mean values of anthropometric indicators, BP, FPG, TC, TG, and LDLc than that of non-TN group in the present study.…”

The Prevalence of Single and Multiple Thyroid Nodules and Its Association with Metabolic Diseases in Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…e prevalence of thyroid nodules among males and females was 29.49% and 33.15% in Southeast China, respectively [2]. With lifestyle and dietary changes, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, hyperuricemia, and obesity are the main chronic diseases affecting the health of residents in China [5][6][7][8]. Previous studies show certain metabolic diseases were significantly associated with thyroid diseases, but the results are not consistent [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

“…With lifestyle and dietary changes, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, hyperuricemia, and obesity are the main chronic diseases affecting the health of residents in China [5][6][7][8]. Previous studies show certain metabolic diseases were significantly associated with thyroid diseases, but the results are not consistent [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. By investigating the prevalence of thyroid nodules and its association with metabolic diseases in participants in Southwest China, we conducted a cross-sectional study based on the subjects participating in the health checkup center, to investigate whether the potential metabolic factors are associated with thyroid nodules in the different populations.…”

The Estimation of Thyroid Cancer Risk based on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and ABO Blood Group

“…From the possible risk factors of TC can be mentioned to inadequate or overdose of iodine. [4] The role of DM on TC is remained to be elucidated. In the literature review, the studies with pooled analysis were found a significant relationship between TC and DM, but there was no association in the male patients and Asian population.…”