The Association Between Vitamin D Level and Restless Legs Syndrome: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

Abstract

Our study identified an association between vitamin D deficiency and RLS. Consequently, vitamin D deficiency should be considered in the management of RLS. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the causality relationship between vitamin D level and RLS.

The prevalence of insomnia and restless legs syndrome among Japanese outpatients with rheumatic disease: A cross-sectional study

“…Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to be associated with RLS, and vitamin D replacement therapy has been effective in reducing the symptoms of RLS patients who had vitamin D deficiency [43][44][45][46]. In the present study, 20.6% of the enrolled patients were administered vitamin D, and this therapy may have obscured symptoms of RLS.…”

Sleeping without Prescription: Management of Sleep Disorders in Children with Autism with Non-Pharmacological Interventions and Over-the-Counter Treatments

“…Vitamin D can therefore induce the expression of this brain enzyme and, consequently, the production of 5-HTP, precursor of serotonin and melatonin [ 177 ]. Furthermore, vitamin D has also been linked to the pathophysiology of RLS [ 178 ] through two main mechanisms: dopaminergic dysfunction and iron dysregulation. VDR are indeed highly expressed in the midbrain, in particular in the substantia nigra, supporting dopaminergic neurons survival by increasing glutathione and reducing oxidative stress in experimental models [ 179 , 180 , 181 ].…”

A meta‐analysis: Does vitamin D play a promising role in sleep disorders?

“…Our study evaluated 1563 relevant literatures, but only 25 studies met the inclusion criteria, which contained a total of 3,603 subjects (Balaban et al., 2012; Bozkurt et al., 2012; Celik et al., 2015; Cikrikcioglu et al., 2016; Erden et al., 2014; Ghaderi et al., 2017; Gong et al., 2018; Gunduz et al., 2016; Han, Zhu, Shi, Wu, & Gu, 2017; Huang, Shah, Long, Crankshaw, & Tangpricha, 2013; Huzmeli, 2018; Kerley et al., 2016; Liguori et al., 2015; Majid et al., 2018; Mason et al., 2016; Mete et al., 2013; Neves et al., 2017; Pazarli, Ekiz, & Inonu Koseoglu, 2019; Qiao et al., 2018; Terzi & Yilmaz, 2016; Toujani et al., 2017; Uygur, Baki, Tanriverdi, Ornek, & Atalay, 2016; Wali et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2017; Zicari et al., 2016). These 25 articles included 21 papers analyzing differences in vitamin D concentrations between sleep disorders and controls (Balaban et al., 2012; Bozkurt et al., 2012; Celik et al., 2015; Cikrikcioglu et al., 2016; Erden et al., 2014; Gong et al., 2018; Gunduz et al., 2016; Han et al., 2017; Huzmeli, 2018; Kerley et al., 2016; Liguori et al., 2015; Mete et al., 2013; Neves et al., 2017; Pazarli et al., 2019; Qiao et al., 2018; Terzi & Yilmaz, 2016; Toujani et al., 2017; Uygur et al., 2016; Wali et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2017; Zicari et al., 2016) and 4 papers (RCTs) evaluating the change in the PSQI score in response to supplementation with vitamin D (Ghaderi et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2013; Majid et al., 2018; Mason et al., 2016). The detailed outcomes are presente...…”

“…For the 21 papers analyzing differences in vitamin D levels, 11 studies were conducted in Eurasia (Balaban et al., 2012; Bozkurt et al., 2012; Celik et al., 2015; Cikrikcioglu et al., 2016; Erden et al., 2014; Gunduz et al., 2016; Huzmeli, 2018; Mete et al., 2013; Pazarli et al., 2019; Terzi & Yilmaz, 2016; Uygur et al., 2016), 3 studies were performed in Europe (Kerley et al., 2016; Liguori et al., 2015; Zicari et al., 2016), and 5 studies were performed in Asia (Gong et al., 2018; Han et al., 2017; Qiao et al., 2018; Wali et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2017) (the America group and Africa group were not analyzed because only 1 paper was included, respectively (Neves et al., 2017; Toujani et al., 2017)). Seven studies used EI to analyze the vitamin D levels (Balaban et al., 2012; Celik et al., 2015; Cikrikcioglu et al., 2016; Gong et al., 2018; Mete et al., 2013; Qiao et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2017), and 6 studies used CI (Erden et al., 2014; Kerley et al., 2016; Neves et al., 2017; Pazarli et al., 2019; Uygur et al., 2016; Zicari et al., 2016), while the remaining studies (Bozkurt et al., 2012; Gunduz et al., 2016; Terzi & Yilmaz, 2016; Toujani et al., 2017) ( n = 4)used other methods (4 studies (Han et al., 2017; Huzmeli, 2018; Liguori et al., 2015; Wali et al., 2018) did not provide an assay method). The type of sleep disorder was OSAS (mild) in 5 studies (Bozkurt et al., 2012; Kerley et al., 2016; Mete et al., 2013; Pazarli et al., 2019; Uygur et al., 2016), OSAS (moderate) in 7 studies (Bozkurt et al., 2012; Erden et al., 2014; Kerley et al.,…”

“…The detailed outcomes are presented in Table 2, Table 3, Table S1, and Table S2. Celik et al, 2015;Cikrikcioglu et al, 2016;Erden et al, 2014;Gunduz et al, 2016;Huzmeli, 2018;Mete et al, 2013;Pazarli et al, 2019;Terzi & Yilmaz, 2016;Uygur et al, 2016), 3 studies were performed in Europe (Kerley et al, 2016;Liguori et al, 2015;Zicari et al, 2016), and 5 studies were performed in Asia (Gong et al, 2018;Han et al, 2017;Qiao et al, 2018;Wali et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2017) (the America group and Africa group were not analyzed because only 1 paper was included, respectively (Neves et al, 2017;Toujani et al, 2017)). Seven studies used EI to analyze the vitamin D levels (Balaban et al, 2012;Celik et al, 2015;Cikrikcioglu et al, 2016;Gong et al, 2018;Mete et al, 2013;Qiao et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2017), and 6 studies used CI (Erden et al, 2014;Kerley et al, 2016;Neves et al, 2017;Pazarli et al, 2019;Uygur et al, 2016;Zicari et al, 2016),…”