The association between coffee consumption and periodontitis: a cross-sectional study of a northern German population

Abstract

Background Positive and negative influences on oral health are attributed to coffee consumption. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and periodontitis in the general population of Hamburg. Methods A total of 6,209 participants from the Hamburg City Health Study were included in this cross-sectional study. Information on coffee consumption was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Periodontal examination included assessment of dental care ability via Plaque Index, measurement of pocket depth, gingival recession, and bleeding on probing. Classification was based on the criteria of Eke and Page. Ordinal logistic regression models were performed unadjusted and adjusted for confounding variables. Results Periodontal cohort consists of 6,209 participants, presenting either none/mild (n = 1,453, 39.6% men, 2.4% strong coffee drinkers), moderate (n = 3,580, 49.3% men, 3.3% strong coffee drinkers), or severe (n = 1,176, 60.9% men, 5.0% strong coffee drinkers) periodontitis. There was a significant association between strong coffee consumption (≥ 7or more cups/day) and periodontitis (OR: 1.51; CI: 1.07, 2.12; p > 0.001), compared with low coffee consumption. Conversely, moderate coffee consumption was not associated with periodontitis, compared with low coffee consumption. Conclusion and clinical relevance. In this cross-sectional study of a northern German population, strong coffee consumption was significantly associated with periodontitis. Influence of changes in coffee consumption on periodontal disease etiology/progression should be investigated in future prospective study designs, in order to identify strong coffee consumption as a potential risk factor of periodontitis.

Effect of Coffee on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immortalized Human Oral Keratinocytes

“…The oral cavity is the first organ of the body to come in contact with coffee, and residual coffee components in the oral cavity after drinking may affect the health of periodontal tissues. Most studies have confirmed the benefits of coffee consumption in periodontal health [ 23 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. In addition, CGA in coffee has a direct inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis [ 39 ].…”

“…In addition, CGA in coffee has a direct inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis [ 39 ]. However, a cross-sectional survey in Germany showed that moderate (3–6 cups/day) coffee consumption was not associated with periodontitis, whereas heavy coffee consumption (>7 cups/day) was significantly associated with periodontitis [ 35 ]. Studies on the effects of coffee and its main constituents, CA and CGA, on periodontitis are limited, and the results are controversial.…”

The contradictory effects of coffee intake on periodontal health: a systematic review

“…One study used data from dental longitudinal studies, one study used data from Genome and Epidemiology Study, one used general population, and one other study selected chronic periodontitis patients who had received initial treatment as the participants of the study. All of the human studies used questionnaire to assess the dose of daily coffee consumption (all six studies), [8][9][10][11][12][13] one study also used Cornell Medical Index (CMI) to gain coffee consumption in addition to questionnaire. 9 Two studies admitted that validity and reliability test of the questionnaire were not performed sufficiently, therefore, further research is required.…”

“…11 The clinical oral examination performed to assess periodontal health including scoring method according to American Association of Periodontology by probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level, 12 using Community Periodontal Index (CPI), 8,10 radiographic examination to measure alveolar bone loss, measurement of probing depth, 9,13 bleeding on probing, 9,13 gingival recession, 13 and examining supragingival calculus, 9,13 and plaque index score. 13 Aside from periodontal health, caries measurement using DMFT index was also performed. 13 In terms of bias, some studies also observed several confounding factors, such as Body Mass Index (BMI) 9,11,13 and other nutritional intake, 11 smoking and alcohol habit, 9,[11][12][13] medical history such as diabetes, 8,9,12,13 cholesterol level 8 and coronary heart diseases, 12,13 blood sample analysis, 8 and other socio-demographic factors.…”

“…Half of the included studies used cross-sectional study design, three studies were randomized controlled trial, one study used cohort study design, and another one used quasi-experimental study design. This review including studies with various subject, six studies observing the effect of coffee intake on human, [8][9][10][11][12][13] three studies exploring the cellular changes using rats as the subject, [14][15][16] and one in vitro study observing the coffee effect using UMR106-01 rat osteoblast-like cells. 17 The summary of the included study were tabulated based on the results, whether coffee intake have positive (Table 1) or negative effect (Table 2) on periodontal health.…”