The Application of Polyurethane-LiClO₄ to Modify Screen-Printed Electrodes Analyzing Histamine in Mackerel Using a Voltammetric Approach

Abstract

Histamine is an important substance that can be applied as a parameter for allergic reactions and food freshness. This study develops a method to produce a histamine sensor based on electrodes modified using polyurethane-LiClO4. A sensor method was developed where this sensor was produced from polyurethane. The application of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (hard compound) and palm kernel oil-based monoester polyol (soft compound) to produce polyurethane (PU) based on bio-polyol. The addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was done in order to increase the conductivity of PU. The oxidation process was detected using cyclic voltammetry, whereas the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the conductivity of the polymer. The polyurethane-LiClO4 was attached on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) within 45 min. Moreover, the 1% LiClO4-PU-SPE presented satisfactory selectivity for the detection of histamine in the pH 7.5 solution. The LiClO4-PU-SPE presented a good correlation coefficient (R = 0.9991) in the range 0.015–1 mmol·L–1. The detection limit was 0.17 mmol·L–1. Moreover, the histamine concentration of mackerel samples was detected by the PU-SEP-LiClO4. Several amine compounds were chosen to study the selectivity of histamine detection using SPE-PU-LiClO4. The interference was from several major interfering compounds such as aniline, cadaverine, hexamine, putrescine, and xanthine. The technique showed a satisfactory selective analysis compared to the other amines. A satisfactory recovery performance toward varying concentrations of histamine was obtained at 94 and 103% for histamine at 0.01 and 0.1 mmol·L–1, respectively. The application of PU-SEP-LiClO4 as an electrochemical sensor has a great prospect to analyze histamine content in fish mackerel as a consequence of PU-SEP-LiClO4 having good selectivity and simplicity.

Design and Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Bio-Based Polyurethane Produced from Palm Kernel Oil

“…Nevertheless, the materials are expensive and the production is difficult. Thus, an electrochemical approach using inexpensive and easily available materials as electrode modifiers should be developed [36,37].…”

Recent advances in synthesis of polymers based on palm oil and its fatty acids

“…Interestingly, this palm kernel oil-based polyurethane for screen-printed electrode (SPE) was applied for histamine detection in mackerel fish. 110 Histamine is an essential chemical compound that can be used as a parameter in allergic reactions and the freshness of food. The PU-LiClO 4 film on the SPE surface had pores to entrap histamine and produce an anodic peak at the specific potential.…”

A Modest Uv Spectrophotometric Assisted by Chemometric Approach for Verification of Acetaminophen Level in Various Manufactured Tablets and Syrups in Indonesian Pharmacies

“…Meanwhile, spectrophotometric techniques are considered inexpensive and fast. This instrument is not only can be purchased and easily found in most labs but also can be operated by anyone who is not an expert in The spectrophotometers offer substitute resolutions for complex mixtures of analytes with the requirement of prior separation or extraction [15][16][17].…”