The anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative and anti-fibrosis properties of swertiamarin in cigarette smoke exposure-induced prostate dysfunction in rats

Abstract

Chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure induces prostate deficits. We previously found that swertiamarin had prostatic protective potential. This study was to investigate the possible protective effect of swertiamarin against CS-induced prostate dysfunction on human prostate epithelial cells, stromal cells and rats. Rat prostate collagen deposition and fibrosis were assessed by sirius red staining and measuring hydroxyproline content, as well as by qPCR and western blot analysis for fibrotic extracellular matrix components. Prostatic levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory-related factors were also analyzed. In order to explore its underling mechanisms, the activities of Hedgehog signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human prostate cells and rat prostate tissue were estimated. It was found that swertiamarin ameliorated CS-induced prostatic collagen deposition, relieved oxidative stress and local inflammation, inhibited the activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway and attenuated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. It indicated that swertiamarin could ameliorate CS-induced prostatic fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Hedgehog pathway.

Role of the inflammasome in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Swertiamarin is the active ingredient in many traditional Chinese medicines. Studies have shown that swertiamarin and its derivatives have anti-diabetes and anti-hyperlipidemia effects and can alleviate pathological neuropathic pain ( 189 ). However, its anti-diabetic mechanism is still unclear.…”

Cigarette smoke induces the pyroptosis of urothelial cells through ROS/NLRP3/caspase‐1 signaling pathway

“…Cigarette smoking can cause inflammation in many tissues 13–16 . The effects of smoking on the bladder are complex and unclear.…”

“…Cigarette smoking can cause inflammation in many tissues. [13][14][15][16] The effects of smoking on the bladder are complex and unclear. To date, accumulated evidence has shown there is a clear link between smoking and bladder cancer, and smoking can affect gene expression and induce local inflammation of bladder.…”

Swertia L.: A comprehensive review of its genetic relationship, chemical compositions, pharmacological effects, toxicities, and applications

“…They observed strong antioxidant activity based on the 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) ABTS and hydrogen peroxide assays. Moderate activity was observed in the deoxyribose and lipid peroxidation assays with low IC 50 values, where the total antioxidant capacity of swertiamarin was 4.51 mM ascorbic acid per gram, indicating its potent antioxidant effect (Chen et al, 2019). Patel et al demonstrated the antioxidant and lipid‐lowering properties of swertiamarin.…”