The Anatomy and Physiology of the Teat Sphincter

Espe, Dwight; Cannon, C.Y.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(42)95276-7

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The infection pattern found among the 9 cows subjected to high infection rate treatments on all 3 expts indicates that differences between animals are also important. A comparison of the structure of the teat duct (Milne, 1978), the patency of the teat orifice (Espe & Cannon, 1942) and the rate of milking with susceptibility to mastitis may shed light on these animal variations. The fact that over the 6 months' duration of these experiments a cow challenged on 3 occasions with E. coli P 4 became infected in 2 or 3 udder quarters each time demonstrates the inability of the local or general immune system of the cow to acquire immunity from E. coli mastitis.…”

Section: Expt 1 the Effect Of Pre-milking Teat Disinfection On The Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of penetration of the bovine teat duct by Escherichia coli in the interval between milkings

Bramley¹,

Godinho²,

Grindal³

1981

Journal of Dairy Research

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SummaryIn 3 consecutive experiments, each using 20 cows, the application of Escherichia coli to teat ends after milking led to high rates of intramammary infection. These infections were not prevented by disinfection of the teats before milking, by the installation of shields in the short milk tubes of the milking cluster or by the use of an individual quarter milking cluster. Rates of infection were significantly lower when teat contamination was applied 1 h before milking compared to contamination applied immediately after milking.These data suggest that penetration of the teat duct by the E. coli occurred in the period between contamination and milking. Seventy four percent of infections occurred in hindquarters and there were variations in the susceptibility of cows to infection.

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Section: Expt 1 the Effect Of Pre-milking Teat Disinfection On The Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of penetration of the bovine teat duct by Escherichia coli in the interval between milkings

Bramley¹,

Godinho²,

Grindal³

1981

Journal of Dairy Research

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“…Radiographic techniques have been used in various studies of the anatomy of the bovine mammary gland (Andreae, 1958;Bileck & Janovsky, 1956;Espe & Cannon, 1942;McDonald, 1968a, b). Both radiography (Pier, Schalm & Hage, 1956;Kleinke, 1960) and cine radiography (Ardran et al 1958) have also been used very effectively to study the action of the teatcup liner and its effects on the teat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanics of the teat and teatcup liner during milking: information from radiographs

Mein¹,

Thiel²,

Akam³

1973

Journal of Dairy Research

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SummaryFor radiographic studies of the teat and teatcup liner during milking, quarters were infused with a suspension of propyliodone in milk. Simultaneous recordings of vacuum within the liner, in the mouthpiece chamber and in the pulsation chamber, and recordings of liner-wall movement, were made in conjunction with the radiographs.The studies indicated that the sudden decline in milk flow-rate at the end of the period of peak flow-rate from each quarter, and the concurrent changes in the appearance and position of the teat in the liner, result from a fall in teat sinus pressure. This fall in pressure follows the partial closing of the milk passageway between the teat and udder sinuses. The changes initiating the closing of this connexion seem to occur above the teatcup and are associated with the declining amount of milk in the udder.The teat is elongated by 33–50% as it enters the liner and further stretching of the skin of the teat throughout milking is negligible. Thus, increase in the depth of penetration of the teat into the liner is due to more of the teat entering the top of the liner.The force exerted on the teat by the closed liner, which is greatest near the end of the teat, usually appears to increase near the end of milking. The force acting against the inner surface of the open liner barrel is greatest during the peak flow-rate period and it appears to be fairly uniform over most of the area of contact.

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“…Since the teat meatus is opened, it is expected (Peterson, 1944) that the vacuum within the teat is identical to that in the milk line, the occlusion between the gland sinus and the teat sinus leads to traumatization of the orifice. Espe & Cannon (1942) suggested that a teat whose sphincter becomes eroded at the external orifice seems to offer a greater opportunity for infection of the quarter than one which shows no erosion. Recently Mein et al (1970) reported that frictional properties of liners appeared to have an important and progressively increasing influence on the depth of penetration of the teat in the liner during the course of a milking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teat shape associated with teat cup crawl and production in Friesian cows

Rathore

1975

J. Agric. Sci.

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SUMMARYA total of 580 Friesian cows from four dairy farms selected at random were grouped by teat shape. The incidence of teat cup crawl was recorded at the time of afternoon milking.Teat cup crawl was significantly higher (27·4%) in the cows with cylindrical shape teats than in cows with funnel shape teats (8·1%).Milk yield was significantly higher in the cows with funnel shape teats than in cows with cylindrical shape teats. There was significant reduction in milk yield due to teat cup crawl in both groups of cows, the reduction in milk yield being higher in the cows with cylindrical shape teats.

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The Anatomy and Physiology of the Teat Sphincter

Cited by 19 publications

References 1 publication

Evidence of penetration of the bovine teat duct by Escherichia coli in the interval between milkings

Evidence of penetration of the bovine teat duct by Escherichia coli in the interval between milkings

Mechanics of the teat and teatcup liner during milking: information from radiographs

Teat shape associated with teat cup crawl and production in Friesian cows

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