The Anaerobic Microflora of the Human Body

Hentges, David J.

doi:10.1093/clinids/16.supplement_4.s175

Cited by 129 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Similarly, P. acnes phage PA6 was the most abundant phage in the filtered sample, yet appeared in extremely low abundance (<0.01%) in the chloroformed sample. P. acnes is ubiquitous in the healthy oral cavity, whereas Gramnegative bacteria such as E. coli are generally present in low abundance or not at all because they are rapidly cleared in healthy people (4,33,34). Abedon (35) demonstrated that phage with more abundant hosts tend to have shorter latent periods, i.e., a smaller lag time between adsorption and host lysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…can be pathogenic when introduced into other body sites (1)(2)(3). In healthy individuals, these normal flora prevent colonization by invading organisms by changing the local pH, by producing bacteriocins, and by providing a mechanical barrier that prevents adherence to mucosal surfaces (2,4,5). The oropharynx is also a reservoir for several viruses, including HIV, as well as for papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr virus, which are associated with oropharyngeal carcinomas (6)(7)(8)(9).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

Willner¹,

Furlan²,

Schmieder³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

127

118

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The human oropharynx is a reservoir for many potential pathogens, including streptococcal species that cause endocarditis. Although oropharyngeal microbes have been well described, viral communities are essentially uncharacterized. We conducted a metagenomic study to determine the composition of oropharyngeal DNA viral communities (both phage and eukaryotic viruses) in healthy individuals and to evaluate oropharyngeal swabs as a rapid method for viral detection. Viral DNA was extracted from 19 pooled oropharyngeal swabs and sequenced. Viral communities consisted almost exclusively of phage, and complete genomes of several phage were recovered, including Escherichia coli phage T3, Propionibacterium acnes phage PA6, and Streptococcus mitis phage SM1. Phage relative abundances changed dramatically depending on whether samples were chloroform treated or filtered to remove microbial contamination. pblA and pblB genes of phage SM1 were detected in the metagenomes. pblA and pblB mediate the attachment of S. mitis to platelets and play a significant role in S. mitis virulence in the endocardium, but have never previously been detected in the oral cavity. These genes were also identified in salivary metagenomes from three individuals at three time points and in individual saliva samples by PCR. Additionally, we demonstrate that phage SM1 can be induced by commonly ingested substances. Our results indicate that the oral cavity is a reservoir for pblA and pblB genes and for phage SM1 itself. Further studies will determine the association between pblA and pblB genes in the oral cavity and the risk of endocarditis.endocarditis | metagenomics | oropharyngeal viruses | phage-encoded virulence | streptococcal phage

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

Willner¹,

Furlan²,

Schmieder³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

127

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The third stage of microbial colonization of the infant gut begins with the introduction of solid food into the infant's diet (weaning). In general, it is thought that the infant GI microbiota stabilizes at around 2 years of age (Hentges, 1993). The acquisition of a beneficial GI microbiota is essential for host health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal investigation of the faecal microbiota of healthy full-term infants using fluorescence in situ hybridization and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Roger

McCartney

2010

Microbiology

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From birth onwards, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of infants progressively acquires a complex range of micro-organisms. It is thought that by 2 years of age the GI microbial population has stabilized. Within the developmental period of the infant GI microbiota, weaning is considered to be most critical, as the infant switches from a milk-based diet (breast and/or formula) to a variety of food components. Longitudinal analysis of the biological succession of the infant GI/faecal microbiota is lacking. In this study, faecal samples were obtained regularly from 14 infants from 1 month to 18 months of age. Seven of the infants (including a set of twins) were exclusively breast-fed and seven were exclusively formula-fed prior to weaning, with 175 and 154 faecal samples, respectively, obtained from each group. Diversity and dynamics of the infant faecal microbiota were analysed by using fluorescence in situ hybridization and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Overall, the data demonstrated large inter-and intra-individual differences in the faecal microbiological profiles during the study period. However, the infant faecal microbiota merged with time towards a climax community within and between feeding groups. Data from the twins showed the highest degree of similarity both quantitatively and qualitatively. Inter-individual variation was evident within the infant faecal microbiota and its development, even within exclusively formula-fed infants receiving the same diet. These data can be of help to future clinical trials (e.g. targeted weaning products) to organize protocols and obtain a more accurate outline of the changes and dynamics of the infant GI microbiota.

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“…Ocular bacterial flora includes Corynebacterium xeroisis, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1). The coagulase negative staphylococci, a subject of debate in the 1980s, regarding its role in pathogenicity, are remarkable for its opportunism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Vitro efficacy of antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of bacterial eye infections in Ibadan, Nigeria

Ogbolu¹,

Oat²,

Ephraim³

et al. 2011

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Failure to cure eye infections, and reduced potency in topical antimicrobials had been observed in South Western Nigeria, this study sought to evaluate in vitro, the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of ocular infections. A total of 46 ocular bacterial isolates were recovered from the diagnostic laboratory of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, from conjunctival swabs of patients having underlying eye diseases (Cataracts, glaucoma and esotrapia), and from patients presenting with other symptoms of eye infections. The pathogens incriminated were Staphylococcus aureus (73.5%), Coagulase negative Staphylococci (13.3%), Klebsiella species (10.3%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.0%). Disc diffusion tests (Bauer-Kirby method) were carried out using ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, augmentin, cefuroxime and levofloxacin. Broth dilution techniques were thereafter performed using gentamicin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. The microlide-erythromycin was 63.0% efficacious, augmentin and cefuroxime showed 71.1% and 76% efficacy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of commonly used topical antibiotics however showed different levels of resistance. Resistance to the aminoglycosides was marked, yielding 53.4% with MIC50= 8, MIC90 > 256, Resistance to chloramphenicol was even more marked 69.6% with MIC50= 16, MIC90= 64, the fluoroquinolones showed high efficacy-levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin showed 93.4% and 82.6% susceptibility respectively with MIC50 < 0.5, though slightly demonstrable resistance was observed (MIC90= 8). The study thus recommends the discontinuation of empirical therapy by physicians in order to stem the tide of resistance; it justifies the inclusion of the fluoroquinolones in susceptibility testing of ocular bacterial isolates, and its first line of choice if cure is warranted.

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The Anaerobic Microflora of the Human Body

Cited by 129 publications

References 36 publications

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

Longitudinal investigation of the faecal microbiota of healthy full-term infants using fluorescence in situ hybridization and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

In-Vitro efficacy of antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of bacterial eye infections in Ibadan, Nigeria

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