The amygdala of the box turtle, Terrapene c. carolina

Abstract

The amygdala of the box turtle lies beneath the posterior hypopallial ridge, Three nuclear groups may be distinguished in it: (1) the anterior amygdaloid area, (2) the basolateral group and ( 3 ) the corticomedial group. The anterior amygdaloid area shows no subdivisions; its location ventral and ventromedial to the caudal part of the small-celled portion of the piriform area is evident. The basolateral group is subdivided into lateral and basal amygdaloid nuclei. The interconnections of this group through the anterior commissure with the comparable area in the opposite amygdala and with the corticomedial group indicate that it is functionally a vicarious cortex. The corticomedial group is divisible into medial and cortical amygdaloid nuclei. The medial nucleus is poorly defined. The cortical nucleus is bounded by the medial amygdaloid nucleus on the medial side and the ventral border of the piriform cortex laterally, and is comparable to the cortical amygdaloid nucleus of higher vertebrates.The lateral olfactory tract arises from mitral cells of the olfactory bulb and accessory

The telencephalon of the Western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta belli)

“…and Pseudemys elegans and established their mammalian homologies. While these homologies now appear partially incorrect, this work is (Baumann, 1966;Carey, 1967;and Hewitt, 1967 (1917). The nasal fossa consists of a principal nasal chamber which communicates anteriorly with the naris and posteriorly with the choana.…”

“…To date, only one experimental study exists on the projections from the dorsal component to lower centers in reptiles (Schapiro, 1964 (Johnston, 1915;and Carey, 1967), caudate nucleus (Johnston, 1923; and Hewitt, 1967), caudate and putamen nuclei (Elliot Smith, 1919;Dart, 1920; Kappers, Huber, and Crosby, 1935;and Schepers, 1948), part of the neocortex (Kallen, 1962), and the claustrum (Filimonoff, 1964 Haas and Simpson (1946), Simpson (1959 and, and Bock (1963). Homology was redefined as follows: "Homologous features (or conditions of the features) in two or more organisms are ones that can be traced back to the same feature (or condition) in the common ancestor of these organisms," Bock (1963, p. 268) .…”

Selective early expression of the orphan nuclear receptor Nr4a2 identifies the claustrum homolog in the avian mesopallium: Impact on sauropsidian/mammalian pallium comparisons

“…Accordingly, he correctly first suggested that the claustral homolog of reptiles should be found outside the DVR (VPall) proper in a corticoid domain covering the pallial thickening. Carey (1967), studying the box turtle Terrapene carolina, proposed that the pallial thickening area, which he misidentified as "accessory hyperstriatum," was the homolog of the mammalian dorsal CL. Like Schepers (1948) and later Striedter (1997), Puelles (2011), and others, he mistook the probable insula field homolog as the CL.…”

“…In line with the then-standard tripartite pallium concept, Schepers divided the turtle pallium into a medial hippocampal part, an intermediate "neopallial" island (his primordium neopallii), and a lateral olfactory part, which includes the probable mesopallium homolog (LPall) and the DVR (nidopallium, or VPall). Indeed, he divided the turtle olfactory pallium into two main parts, P1 and P2, which bulge separately into the ventricle and clearly correspond in topology to the avian nidopallium and mesopallium (VPall, LPall), respectively (compare Carey, 1967, who identified the same bulges differently; see also Riss et al, 1969, andBalaban, 1978). The ventral "olfactory" P1 domain forms the major intraventricular bulge just dorsal to the subpallium and clearly represents (also referring to more recent hodological data) our present nidopallium (VPall); it includes the entire anterior and posterior (amygdaloid) DVR plus the olfactory cortex proper.…”

Effect of Atropine Sulfate on the Sleep-Related EEG Spike Activity of the Tortoise, <i>Geochelone carbonaria</i>

“…Decortica tion enhances the amplitude of this spike. This mammalian limbic spike has a waveform which more closely parallels the amplitude and duration of the reptilian spike than either slow waves or spindles; furthermore, the brain structures from which the limbic spike is recorded are more similar to the subventricular areas of the reptilian brain [Carey, 1970;G ir g is, 1970]. Enhancement of the limbic spike by decortication supports the view that the neural substrates necessary for generation of the limbic spike, like the reptilian spike, are not dependent upon the presence of a well-developed layer of neocortex.…”