The aging kidney: role of endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation

Abstract

The population in the Western world is aging. In 1996 those aged 60 years and over formed 21% of the EU population, by 2022 this proportion will have risen to 27%. Based on current trends a third of the EU population could be 60 years of age and over by the age 2050. Epidemiological studies suggest that even in the absence of other risk factors (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia), advanced age itself significantly increases cardiovascular morbidity by promoting the development of atherosclerosis and by impairing normal cellular functions. One of the most prominent organs affected by aging is the kidney. There is evidence that age-associated phenotypic changes may be an important cause of renal failure. We propose that vascular oxidative stress and inflammation are generalized phenomena during senescence, which importantly contribute to the morphological and functional changes in the aging kidney. The present review focuses on some of the mechanisms by which advanced age may promote vascular oxidative and nitrosative stress and the possible downstream mechanisms by which reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may impair vascular and renal function in aging.

Heat-shock response protects peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from hydrogen peroxide-induced mitochondrial disturbance

“…*p<0.05 vs. each other as indicated cellular activation (Hansen et al 2006); however, a large amount of ROS formation when cells are receiving stress signals can lead to an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants, causing oxidative stress. Related effects of oxidative stress have been noted and have been implicated in a variety of clinical conditions, including infectious diseases (Sakaguchi and Furusawa 2006), aging (Csiszar et al 2007), and autoimmune diseases (Nicolls et al 2007). Hydrogen peroxide is a small and diffusible molecule, and it can act as a second messenger of metabolic oxidative stress and induces oxidative damage to many cellular components indiscriminately (Clarkson and Thompson 2000;Ji 1999;Song et al 2005).…”

Effect of short term calorie restriction on pro-inflammatory NF-kB and AP-1 in aged rat kidney

“…For our current study, we focused on the kidney tissue because it is one of most sensitive organs to oxidative stress and vulnerable to various proinflammatory insults as shown by age-related glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, pyelonephritis, and acute renal failure [15].…”

Nitric Oxide, Immunity and Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapy

“…Clinically, a milieu of conditions is associated with oxidative damage including chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cancer, and age-related disorders [61][62][63][64][65]. As mentioned above, oxidative stress is mediated in its majority by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) among others.…”