The acute phase response and innate immunity of fish

Acute phase response in Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis) with Aeromonas hydrophila infection

“…Whereas, in rainbow trout, within just 10 min of the initiation of acute stressors, C3 was observed to increase in plasma (reviewed in Ref. Bayne and Gerwick, 2001). The short response time seen in trout was interpreted to mean that the response was probably not due to the classical APR.…”

“…The short response time seen in trout was interpreted to mean that the response was probably not due to the classical APR. It appears likely that a pool of pre-synthesized C3 is held in store and released to the plasma as part of a pre-acute phase response (Bayne and Gerwick, 2001).…”

“…Although the APR is non-specific, it serves as a core part of the innate immunity involving physical and molecular barriers and responses (Cray et al, 2009). Upon infection and inflammation or tissue damage and stress, APR is induced by pro-inflammatory signals, such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-␣, which are generated by activated cells including monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and T cells, then APR rapidly evokes the changes of APPs (Bayne and Gerwick, 2001).…”

“…The great majority of APPs are synthesized in hepatocytes, also in extra-hepatic sites such as the brain and leukocytes (Bayne and Gerwick, 2001). It responses quickly and becomes a complicated but precise regulation network.…”

“…Major APPs (concentrations may increase 10-to 100-fold, or up to 1000-fold) include serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and haptoglobin (HP); moderate APPs (concentrations may increase 2-to 10-fold) include complement components, and fibrinogen (Fb); minor APPs (concentrations only a slight increase) include cathepsin L (CathL); negative APPs (concentrations decline) include albumin (ALB), pre-albumin and transferin (Cray et al, 2009; reviewed in Ref. [Bayne and Gerwick, 2001]). …”