The 3D Oceanic Mixed Layer Response to Hurricane Gilbert

Jacob, Samuel; Shay, Lynn K.; Mariano, Arthur J.; Black, Peter G.

doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1407:tomlrt>2.0.co;2

Cited by 202 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…2). During the passage of the typhoon, the temporal heat flux power was about 500-800 W m −2 , which is consistent with past investigations (Jacob et al, 2000). However, the average heat flux power was only about 100-180 W m −2 from 28 July to 1 August (Fig.…”

Section: −1supporting

confidence: 91%

“…Vast energy interchanges within the atmosphere and ocean as a result of air-sea interactions have a great effect on both weather and ocean dynamics. The ocean's responses include sea surface cooling (Price, 1981), enhanced entrainment and vertical mixing (Han, Ma, & Chen, 2012;Jacob, Shay, Mariano, & Black, 2000;Lin, Chen, Pun, Liu, & Wu, 2009;Lin, Wu, Pun, & Ko, 2008), inertial oscillation (Black & Dickey, 2008;Morozov & Velarde, 2008;Price, 1981), and enhanced phytoplankton blooming (D'Asaro, 2003;Han et al, 2012;Subrahmanyam, Rao, Rao, Murty, & Sharp, 2002;Sun, Yang, Xian, Lu, & Fu, 2010;Wang & Zhao, 2008;Xian, Sun, Yang, & Fu, 2012;Yang, Fu, Sun, Liu, & Feng, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a slow-moving Category 5 typhoon (maximum sustained winds higher than 61 m s , respectively (Lin et al, 2009). Although the temporal heat flux varies from 0.6 × 10 3 W m −2 (Jacob et al, 2000;) to 2-3 × 10 3 W m −2 (Shay, Goni, & Black, 2000), the total enthalpy fluxes from the seawater to the air for typhoons are similar (0.7-1 × 10 8 J m −2 ); this is less than the pre-typhoon UOHC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocean Responses to Typhoon Namtheun Explored with Argo Floats and Multiplatform Satellites

et al. 2012

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Argo salinity and temperature profiles, along with other sea surface measurements, were used to explore the impacts of Typhoon Namtheun (2004) on the ocean. Namtheun took local enthalpy heat from the sea (0.39-0.7 × 10 8 J m −2 ), cooled the sea surface water as a result of vertical mixing (maximum 3-4°C) and produced heavy precipitation over the sea (100-180 mm). During this time, the vast latent heat released (2.6-4.4 × 10 8 J m −2 ) by the precipitation made a larger contribution to the typhoon's energy budget than the local air-sea enthalpy flux. In the upper ocean, the oceanic responses can be separated into two sub-processes, the fast spin-up accompanied by one-dimensional vertical mixing and the slow spin-down accompanied by the convergence of surface water. From Argo profiles on 28 July, it can be seen that the typhoon-induced surface mixing broke down the seasonal thermocline (approximately 20 db) within one day. In addition, the shallower (<200 db) convergence of the sea surface fresh water as a result of precipitation also made the post-typhoon water fresher (0.04 (practical salinity scale used)). In the deep ocean, the rapid upwelling at the top of the permanent thermocline suggests that the fast spin-up is a barotropic mechanism, probably gravity pressure. During the slow spin-down stage, the upwelling signal propagated downward (approximately 2 m h −1 ) from the shallow water to the deep ocean for about 10 days; this was a baroclinic process. The baroclinic mechanism was more effective in maintaining a cyclonic eddy than in maintaining an inertial wave, and the low sea surface height anomaly and upwelling lasted much longer than the inertial oscillation (>20 days as opposed to approximately 10 days). This change in vertical structure and long-term upwelling could have impacts on the ocean environment and even on the short-term climate.RÉSUMÉ [Traduit par la rédaction] Nous nous sommes servis des profils de salinité et de température Argo, de pair avec d'autres mesures de la surface de la mer, pour explorer les répercussions du typhon Namtheun (2004) sur l'océan. Namtheun a pris de la chaleur enthalpique locale de la mer (0.39-0.7 × 10 8 J m −2 ), a refroidi l'eau de la surface de la mer par suite d'un mélange vertical (maximum 3°-4°C) et a produit de fortes précipitations au-dessus de la mer (100-180 mm). Durant ce temps, l'importante quantité de chaleur latente (2.6-4.4 × 10 8 J m −2 ) relâchée par les précipitations a apporté une plus grande contribution au bilan énergétique du typhon que le flux enthalpique air-mer local. Dans la couche supérieure de l'océan, les réponses océaniques peuvent être divisées en deux sous-processus, la surgyration rapide accompagnée d'un mélange vertical unidimensionnel et la dégyration lente accompagnée de la convergence d'eau de surface. Sur les profils Argo du 28 juillet, on peut voir que le mélange en surface produit par le typhon a brisé la thermocline saisonnière (approximativement 20 db) à l'intérieur d'une journée. De plus, la convergence moins profo...

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Section: −1supporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocean Responses to Typhoon Namtheun Explored with Argo Floats and Multiplatform Satellites

et al. 2012

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“…The regression can be derived by the Chl-a and the MLD data listed in Tables 1 and 2. For the NWP, the regression is given by ∆Chl = −0.0014H MLD + 0.1020 (10) The R 2 value is 0.13 and the rms of the difference between the regression and the observed values is 0.034 mg·m −3 (Table 3). Although the higher bound of the coefficient of H MLD is positive at the 95% confidence level (Table 3), the general trend of the relationship between the ∆Chl and the H MLD is a negative correlation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hurricane Felix in the Atlantic from 13-23 August 1995 caused cooling in the upper 30 m and warming at depths of 30-70 m due to significant mixed-layer deepening and vertical redistribution of temperature resulting from heat diffusion, as simulated by a one-dimensional mixed layer model [9]. Under the influence of Hurricane Gilbert (in the Atlantic), the vertical mixing in the upper ocean is a dominant mechanism controlling heat and mass budgets and vertical heat and mass distributions [10,11]. Based on mixing effects, Pan and Sun developed a diagnostic model to estimate the increase in mixed-layer depth in the South China Sea caused by Typhoon Cimaron using satellite data, which presented an effective methodology for extending the capability of satellite observations from the ocean surface to the sub-surface [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Typhoon-Induced Phytoplankton Blooms Using Satellite Multi-Sensor Data

et al. 2018

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Using satellite-based multi-sensor observations, this study investigates Chl-a blooms induced by typhoons in the Northwest Pacific (NWP) and the South China Sea (SCS), and quantifies the blooms via wind-induced mixing and Ekman pumping parameters, as well as pre-typhoon mixed-layer depth (MLD). In the NWP, the Chl-a bloom is more correlated with the Ekman pumping than with the other two parameters, with an R 2 value of 0.56. In the SCS, the wind-induced mixing and Ekman pumping have comparable correlations with the Chl-a increase, showing R 2 values of 0.4~0.6. However, the MLD exhibits a negative correlation with the Chl-a increase. A multi-parameter quantification model of the Chl-a bloom strength achieves better results than the single-parameter regressions, yielding a more significant R 2 value of 0.80, and a lower regression rms of 0.18 mg·m −3 in the SCS, and the R 2 value in the NWP is also improved compared with the single-parameter regressions. The multi-parameter quantification model of Chl-a blooms is more accurate in the SCS than in the NWP, due to the fact that nutrient profiles in the NWP are uniform from surface to a deep depth (300 m). Thus, the Chl-a blooms are more correlated with the upper ocean dynamical processes in the SCS where a shallower nutricline is found.

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The Bay of Bengal upper‐ocean response to tropical cyclone forcing during 1999

Wang

Han

2014

JGR Oceans

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[1] The regional upper-ocean dynamical and thermodynamical responses to two consecutive, strong tropical cyclones (TCs)-04B (15-19 October) and 05B (25 October to 3 November) in 1999 (hereafter, TC1 and TC2) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the associated oceanic processes are investigated using an eddy-permitting Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. The TC winds induce positive sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) along the northern BoB coastline and Andaman Sea due to onshore convergence, and negative SSHA along the TC tracks due to Ekman divergence, which in turn induce geostrophic flow. The TC-associated radiation and precipitation have negligible effects on the northwestern BoB top 30 m averaged temperature (T 0-30 m ), while the strong TC winds significantly enhance turbulent heat flux causing T 0-30 m decrease. Due to the existence of the barrier layer and subsurface warm advection in the northwestern BoB, vertical mixing may induce near-surface warming by entraining warm water from below. As a result, the proportion of the T 0-30 m cooling caused by turbulent heat flux is likely elevated in the 6 3 6 footprints of the TCs. Both TC wind-induced vertical mixing and upwelling significantly cool T 0-30 m in TC1's wake, while upwelling dominates the maximum cooling region in TC2's wake, likely due to the preceding deepening of the mixed layer by TC1. The near-surface cooling for both TCs has rightward bias because of the higher winds and the resonant response on the right, and Ekman divergence extends the cooling areas outward. TC1 and TC2's sizes and prestorm oceanic conditions are found to be the most influential factors for near-surface cooling.

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The 3D Oceanic Mixed Layer Response to Hurricane Gilbert

Cited by 202 publications

References 34 publications

Ocean Responses to Typhoon Namtheun Explored with Argo Floats and Multiplatform Satellites

Ocean Responses to Typhoon Namtheun Explored with Argo Floats and Multiplatform Satellites

Quantification of Typhoon-Induced Phytoplankton Blooms Using Satellite Multi-Sensor Data

The Bay of Bengal upper‐ocean response to tropical cyclone forcing during 1999

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