Quantification of Typhoon-Induced Phytoplankton Blooms Using Satellite Multi-Sensor Data

Pan, Jiayi; Huang, Linda; Devlin, Adam Thomas; Lin, Hui

doi:10.3390/rs10020318

Cited by 40 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The surface layer mixing caused by wind stirring may break through the stratification layer and bring the surface nutrients up to the surface layer [9,18]. The wind stirring-induced mixing (P ω ) is given by [19]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many researchers have reported that wind-stirring mixing, wind-driven upwelling, and the typhoon-induced cyclonic eddies are main factors affecting the nutrient supply for the growth of the surface and subsurface Chl-a after typhoon [4,19]. The partial correlation analysis was used to investigate the role of the typhoon intensity and the SST on the surface Chl-a changes [2].…”

Section: Effect Of the Typhoon Wind Pump Induced Upper Ocean Physicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlorophyll Concentration Response to the Typhoon Wind-Pump Induced Upper Ocean Processes Considering Air–Sea Heat Exchange

2019

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The typhoon Wind-Pump induced upwelling and cold eddy often promote the significant growth of phytoplankton after the typhoon. However, the importance of eddy-pumping and wind-driven upwelling on the sea surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a) during the typhoon are still not clearly distinguished. In addition, the air-sea heat flux exchange is closely related to the upper ocean processes, but few studies have discussed its role in the sea surface Chl-a variations under typhoon conditions. Based on the cruise data, remote sensing data, and model data, this paper analyzes the contribution of the vertical motion caused by the eddy-pumping upwelling and Ekman pumping upwelling on the surface Chl-a, and quantitatively analyzes the influence of air-sea heat exchange on the surface Chl-a after the typhoon Linfa over the northeastern South China Sea (NSCS) in 2009. The results reveal the Wind Pump impacts on upper ocean processes: (1) The euphotic layer-integrated Chl-a increased after the typhoon, and the increasing of the surface Chl-a was not only the uplift of the deeper waters with high Chl-a but also the growth of the phytoplankton; (2) The Net Heat Flux (air-sea heat exchange) played a major role in controlling the upper ocean physical processes through cooling the SST and indirectly increased the surface Chl-a until two weeks after the typhoon; (3) the typhoon-induced cyclonic eddy was the most important physical process in increasing the surface Chl-a rather than the Ekman pumping and wind-stirring mixing after typhoon; (4) the spatial shift between the surface Chl-a blooms and the typhoon-induced cyclonic eddy could be due to the Ekman transport; (5) nutrients uplifting and adequate light were two major biochemical elements supplying for the growth of surface phytoplankton. tropical cyclones during the summer time [4]. Tropical cyclones have important "Wind Pump" impact on transporting and increasing the surface and subsurface Chl-a in oligotrophic ocean waters [5][6][7][8] through uplifting the nutrients by strong vertical mixing, upwelling, entrainment, as well as near inertial wave on the upper ocean layer, especially on the right-hand side of the storm track in the Northern Hemisphere [2,9,10]. Typhoons with slower translation speeds and stronger wind speeds have greater impact on Chl-a and the translation speeds play the more crucial role [4,11]. Tropical cyclones can also induce cyclone eddies (or reduce anti-cyclone eddies), and these eddy-pumping upwelling can further increase the surface and subsurface Chl-a [4,12]. These typhoon wind-driven physical processes and air-sea exchanges that subsequently affect the ocean's ecological status is defined as the "Wind Pump" [2,4,7,8,10,11].Biochemical conditions are essential in affecting the Chl-a through affecting its carbon/chlorophyll ratios [1,13]. Upwelling of the nutrient-rich waters from the deeper layer is the principal source of nutrients fueling the phytoplankton especially over the oligotrophic ocean like the NSCS [1,4]. The nitrogen is the maj...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of the Typhoon Wind Pump Induced Upper Ocean Physicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorophyll Concentration Response to the Typhoon Wind-Pump Induced Upper Ocean Processes Considering Air–Sea Heat Exchange

2019

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“…When typhoons pass over the ocean, the air-sea interaction leads to the exchange of heat, moisture and momentum and causes a dramatic response of the ocean. With the improvement of the resolution of the satellite data and the accuracy of numerical simulations, researchers have carried out a lot of work on the upper ocean responses during the typhoon transits [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The upper ocean responses caused by typhoons have attracted much attention and gradually become a hotspot in the field of atmosphere and oceanography [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Cyclonic Ocean Eddies on Upper Ocean Thermodynamic Response to Typhoon Soudelor

Ning

Zhang

et al. 2019

Remote Sensing

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By using multiplatform satellite datasets, Argo observations and numerical model data, the upper ocean thermodynamic responses to Super Typhoon Soudelor are investigated with a focus on the impact of an ocean cyclonic eddy (CE). In addition to the significant surface cooling inside the CE region, an abnormally large rising in subsurface temperature is observed. The maximum warming and heat content change (HCC) reach up to 4.37 °C and 1.73 GJ/m2, respectively. Moreover, the HCC is an order of magnitude larger than that calculated from statistical analysis of Argo profile data in the previous study which only considered the effects caused by typhoons. Meanwhile, the subsurface warming outside the CE is merely 1.74 °C with HCC of 0.39 GJ/m2. Previous studies suggested that typhoon-induced vertical mixing is the primary factor causing subsurface warming but these studies ignored an important mechanism related to the horizontal advection caused by the rotation and movement of mesoscale eddies. This study documents that the eddy-induced horizontal advection has a great impact on the upper ocean responses to typhoons. Therefore, the influence of eddies should be considered when studying the responses of upper ocean to typhoons with pre-existing mesoscale eddies.

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“…However, these routine means are limited by small spatial coverage and nonsynchronous observations; they also require significant manpower and material resources, which makes it difficult for sustained observations over the long term. However, satellite remote sensing is a powerful tool for large-scale and long-term observations with high temporal and spatial resolution [5][6][7][8]. In particular, the first Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), launched by South Korea in 2010, provides eight hourly images per day with a spatial resolution of 500 m. This higher spatial and temporal resolution improved the observations of highly dynamic and small-scale changes in coastal waters [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite Retrieval of Surface Water Nutrients in the Coastal Regions of the East China Sea

et al. 2018

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Due to the tremendous flux of terrestrial nutrients from the Changjiang River, the waters in the coastal regions of the East China Sea (ECS) are exposed to heavy eutrophication. Satellite remote sensing was proven to be an ideal way of monitoring the spatiotemporal variability of these nutrients. In this study, satellite retrieval models for nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the coastal regions of the ECS are proposed using the back-propagation neural network (BP-NN). Both the satellite-retrieved sea surface salinity (SSS) and remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) were used as inputs in our model. Compared with models that only use Rrs or SSS, the newly proposed model performs much better in the study area, with determination coefficients (R2) of 0.98 and 0.83, and mean relative error (MRE) values of 18.2% and 17.2% for nitrate and phosphate concentrations, respectively. Based on the proposed model and satellite-retrieved Rrs and SSS datasets, monthly time-series maps of nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the coastal regions of the ECS for 2015–2017 were retrieved for the first time. The results show that the distribution of nutrients had a significant seasonal variation. Phosphate concentrations in the ECS were lower in spring and summer than those in autumn and winter, which was mainly due to phytoplankton uptake and utilization. However, nitrate still spread far out into the ocean in summer because the diluted Changjiang River water remained rich in nitrogen.

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Quantification of Typhoon-Induced Phytoplankton Blooms Using Satellite Multi-Sensor Data

Cited by 40 publications

References 37 publications

Chlorophyll Concentration Response to the Typhoon Wind-Pump Induced Upper Ocean Processes Considering Air–Sea Heat Exchange

Chlorophyll Concentration Response to the Typhoon Wind-Pump Induced Upper Ocean Processes Considering Air–Sea Heat Exchange

Impact of Cyclonic Ocean Eddies on Upper Ocean Thermodynamic Response to Typhoon Soudelor

Satellite Retrieval of Surface Water Nutrients in the Coastal Regions of the East China Sea

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