The 2020 photovoltaic technologies roadmap

Abstract

Over the past decade, the global cumulative installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity has grown exponentially, reaching 591 GW in 2019. Rapid progress was driven in large part by improvements in solar cell and module efficiencies, reduction in manufacturing costs and the realization of levelized costs of electricity that are now generally less than other energy sources and approaching similar costs with storage included. Given this success, it is a particularly fitting time to assess the state of the photovoltaics field and the technology milestones that must be achieved to maximize future impact and forward momentum. This roadmap outlines the critical areas of development in all of the major PV conversion technologies, advances needed to enable terawatt-scale PV installation, and cross-cutting topics on reliability, characterization, and applications. Each perspective provides a status update, summarizes the limiting immediate and long-term technical challenges and highlights breakthroughs that are needed to address them. In total, this roadmap is intended to guide researchers, funding agencies and industry in identifying the areas of development that will have the most impact on PV technology in the upcoming years.

Improving CdTe‐Based Thin‐Film Solar Cell Efficiency with the Oxygenated CdSe Layer Prepared by Sputtering Process

“…[1] About 22.1% power conversion efficiency at cell level and 19% at module level have been achieved by First Solar Inc. [2] The latest cell efficiency improvement is achieved by adopting the Se-alloy material. [1,3] The Se-alloy material has narrower bandgap and lower defect density [4] which improves the J sc and V oc of CdTe solar cells. Among the Se-alloy technologies, [5][6][7] the sputtered CdSe process has attracted great attention because it is more suitable for stable, low cost, and large-scale production.…”

“…CdTe‐based thin‐film solar cell is one of the most competitive photovoltaic technologies considering its high efficiency, low cost, and large‐scale production and application. [ 1 ] About 22.1% power conversion efficiency at cell level and 19% at module level have been achieved by First Solar Inc. [ 2 ] The latest cell efficiency improvement is achieved by adopting the Se‐alloy material. [ 1,3 ] The Se‐alloy material has narrower bandgap and lower defect density [ 4 ] which improves the J sc and V oc of CdTe solar cells.…”

A Laser‐Processed Silicon Solar Cell with Photovoltaic Efficiency in the Infrared

“…[1] Nowadays, PV industry is mainly driven by c-Si solar cells; this is probably due to the standardization of technology in mass production and the rapid decrease in manufacturing cost (15% per year in average). [2] Despite the maturity of this technology, for almost 14 years, the highest PCE for c-Si solar cell stood at 25%. This c-Si solar cell had an area of 4 cm 2 and was based on the so-called passivated emitter and rear locally diffused (PERL) [3] solar-cell technology.…”

Identification the internal parameters for mono-crystalline solar module using Matlab-simulation and experimental ascertainment

“…An enormous number of enhancements have been introduced in these models to simplify the model and reduce the number of its parameters. Some researchers have premeditated the types of ray of light related to receive power from sun light and the result compared with [16][17][18][19][20]. The empirical photovoltaic cells model is vastly used in modeling because of its simplicity and its utilization of a limited number of parameters.…”