Testing of Electrical Energy Meters Subject to Realistic Distorted Voltages and Currents

Bartolomei, Lorenzo; Cavaliere, Diego; Mingotti, Alessandro; Peretto, Lorenzo; Tinarelli, Roberto

doi:10.3390/en13082023

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In some research papers [8]- [9], [14]- [16] test signals, with random harmonic share and phase shifts, are presented. These scientific works comply with the need for evaluation of the meter's error in accordance to: the degree of harmonic distortion [8], [12], the presence of harmonic components at certain frequency [16], the duration of the disturbances [10],…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The phase shift of the current harmonic, θi5, is variable during the measurements and that defines single sub-procedures. The measurement results are presented in form of errors in absolute form, as stated in ( 9) and (10), and are illustrated in Fig. 3.…”

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These documents [5]- [7] are widely accepted in practice and are used as a base for many research papers [8]- [12]. An example of test signals, used for examination of static electricity meters for active energy, are voltage and current waveforms comprising 5 th order harmonics, beside components at fundamental frequency [7], [8], [10]. The share of the 5 th order voltage harmonic equals 10 % of the fundamental's value, while for the 5 th order current harmonic the share equals 40 % of the 50 Hz component's magnitude.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Errors in Active Power and Energy Measurements Under Random Harmonic Distortion Conditions

Demerdziev

Dimchev

2021

Measurement Science Review

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As harmonic distortion of voltage and current is reality in the power system, the need for accurate measurement of electrical power and energy goes beyond the instruments’ specifications and calibration procedures regarding pure sine wave signals. Several international standards and recommendations provide test signals for examination of electricity meters under non-sinusoidal conditions, however, not all of the test signal parameters’ possible states are faithfully represented in those documents. Because the high order harmonics may possess random amplitudes and phase shifts in relation to components at fundamental frequency, it is important that the meter’s performance is verified with random waveforms as well. The non-linear dependence between the measured power/energy and the phase shifts, both between fundamental and harmonic components, provides additional complexity of such an analysis. Simple test signals, which are in accordance with the standards’ demands and propositions, are used for determination of the measurement error in case of different harmonic distortion parameter change. In order for a general error function for any measurement device to be determined, mathematical modelling, regarding the results from multiple tests, is performed. The mathematical model presents a strong dependence between a single component’s phase shifts and a meter’s error and it provides a systematization of all signal parameters’ influence on the measurement accuracy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Errors in Active Power and Energy Measurements Under Random Harmonic Distortion Conditions

Demerdziev

Dimchev

2021

Measurement Science Review

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“…The accuracy of static electricity meters under non-sinusoidal situations is an important topic for both academic study and public interest [1]. It is not yet properly covered by the standards [2] but has been analyzed from different perspectives [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] during the last few years. However, addressing the problem of erroneous readings on SEMs when exposed to distorted signals is a complex task [10], where a large number of variables could affect the final measurement reported by the meter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Metering Integrated Circuit Behavior beyond Standards Requirements

et al. 2021

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During the last few years, the accuracy of static electricity meters (SEM) has been questioned. Significant metering deviations with respect to a reference meter have been observed at customer premises, and laboratory experimental tests results support such findings. The root cause of such errors remains unknown, as there are multiple elements that could affect the accuracy of electricity meters. Furthermore, standard compliant meters exposed to distorted signals may produce negligible, positive or negative relative error depending on the instrument design. Distorted current signals with fast amplitude transitions have produced the highest error in SEMs reported in the literature. In this paper, the accuracy of an energy metering Integrated Circuit (IC) is evaluated beyond the limits of the standards requirements employing a selection of distorted signals from the standards, real-world captured signals and a set of waveforms designed to test the IC under fast changing currents conditions, which are representative of the waveforms resulting from power electronic devices. The experimental results reveal an accuracy boundary imposed by Gibb’s phenomenon for fast changing current signals and a strong relationship between the IC’s measurement error and two key parameters of the measured waveform: signal slope and phase angle. This paper therefore provides a methodology for the comprehensive analysis of SEMs in future power systems which are dominated with power electronic-controlled electrical demand and contributes to the search for the root cause of error in SEMs exposed to distorted waveforms.

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“…The paper [20] considers the error evolution in energy meters under voltage unbalance conditions in a wide range, from total balance to phase fault. In [21], the estimation of the active energy metering error of a class B meter was carried out under realistic and quasi-realistic harmonic disturbances. It was shown that that realistic harmonic disturbances affect significantly only some energy meters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Harmonic Influence on Electrical Energy Metering

2020

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The paper considers the influence of harmonics on the operating of electrical energy meters in a network with nonlinear loads. It is shown that electronic static meters of active energy are tested in the presence of distortions, and electronic static meters of reactive energy accuracy requirements do not take into account the possible presence of harmonics. It is revealed that the maximum influence on the error in active energy metering is exerted by the number of harmonics taken into account and their amplitude, and the error in reactive energy metering is additionally influenced by the phase angle at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies, which has been confirmed in laboratory conditions. Additionally, experimental studies of the capacitor bank’s influence on reactive energy metering has been carried out in the presence of nonlinear electrical loads. It is shown that when capacitor banks are connected, the error in reactive energy measurement and variation range of the phase shift angle of harmonics significantly increases. The assessment of the computational error of reactive power metering according to various equations were carried out based on the field measurements. If the voltage and current distortion values do not exceed the permissible values, the error can be estimated at, at most, 5–7%.

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Testing of Electrical Energy Meters Subject to Realistic Distorted Voltages and Currents

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Analysis of Errors in Active Power and Energy Measurements Under Random Harmonic Distortion Conditions

Analysis of Errors in Active Power and Energy Measurements Under Random Harmonic Distortion Conditions

Energy Metering Integrated Circuit Behavior beyond Standards Requirements

Experimental Study of Harmonic Influence on Electrical Energy Metering

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