The paper considers the influence of harmonics on the operating of electrical energy meters in a network with nonlinear loads. It is shown that electronic static meters of active energy are tested in the presence of distortions, and electronic static meters of reactive energy accuracy requirements do not take into account the possible presence of harmonics. It is revealed that the maximum influence on the error in active energy metering is exerted by the number of harmonics taken into account and their amplitude, and the error in reactive energy metering is additionally influenced by the phase angle at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies, which has been confirmed in laboratory conditions. Additionally, experimental studies of the capacitor bank’s influence on reactive energy metering has been carried out in the presence of nonlinear electrical loads. It is shown that when capacitor banks are connected, the error in reactive energy measurement and variation range of the phase shift angle of harmonics significantly increases. The assessment of the computational error of reactive power metering according to various equations were carried out based on the field measurements. If the voltage and current distortion values do not exceed the permissible values, the error can be estimated at, at most, 5–7%.
Effective Energy Management with an active Demand Response (DR) is crucial for future smart energy system. Increasing number of Distributed Energy Resources (DER), local microgrids and prosumers have an essential and real influence on present power distribution system and generate new challenges in power, energy and demand management. A relatively new paradigm in this field is transactive energy (TE), with its value and market-based economic and technical mechanisms to control energy flows. Due to a distributed structure of present and future power system, the Internet of Things (IoT) environment is needed to fully explore flexibility potential from the end-users and prosumers, to offer a bid to involved actors of the smart energy system. In this paper, new approach to connect the market-driven (bottom-up) DR program with current demand-driven (top-down) energy management system (EMS) is presented. Authors consider multi-agent system (MAS) to realize the approach and introduce a concept and standardize the design of new Energy Flexometer. It is proposed as a fundamental agent in the method. Three different functional blocks have been designed and presented as an IoT platform logical interface according to the LonWorks technology. An evaluation study has been performed as well. Results presented in the paper prove the proposed concept and design.
Abstract. The changes that have been taking place recently in the power sector, lead to an increasing share of distributed generation (DG) in the electric power production. Many different energy sources can be distinguished in this area and majority of them incorporate power electronic electrical energy converters interfacing with a power system. Connection of a large number of distributed energy sources (DES) changes the power system work conditions both in positive and negative sense. On the one hand, they emit disturbances to electric power network and on the other hand, they can be effective means of the compensation of such disturbances and also can be used to improve the quality of power delivery. Their additional capabilities are performed by power electronic converters.Development of a modular universal interconnection architecture of these converters with standard functions for power conversion, power conditioning and quality, protection, controls, communications, ancillary services, and metering is the cornerstone of streamlined DG interconnection. Similarly, developing standard certification and testing procedures for the interconnection of DG converters, and then deploying and field testing many of the recently commercialised interconnection devices is a needed step in this process.The main goal of this paper is to present the possibilities of application of the power electronic converters coupling DESs with supply networks to perform ancillary services resulting from supply network characteristics.In the first part the interaction between DESs and networks is described and quantified. Then ancillary services are defined, as the new tasks that designers of converter can/should undertake as well as the standardization gap with respect to the converters that perform ancillary services. For the purposes of this paper the converter is considered to be a black box connected to the power system. The paper concerns DESs connected to distribution networks.
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